正念與心理彈性

Abstract

本研究探討佛學中的「正念」與心理彈性的關聯，先從社會認知取向將心理彈性聚焦至三大層面，分別是「注意力與認知控制」（對應作業轉換作業、AX連續表現作業）、「因應與情緒調節」（對應因應彈性與情緒調節策略彈性）、「動機與自我」（對應心理需求平衡和增長觀自我信念），然後以六個研究探討正念在不同層次心理彈性的關聯。之後，再延伸正念對於關愛目標在個人內幸福感與人際間零和信念之影響。最後，再進行正念促發，以了解正念對心理彈性的直接影響，以及關愛目標在正念促發後的調節效果。結果顯示，相對於低正念的個體，高正念的個體較少受到作業轉換干擾（研究一）、較平衡使用主動與反應式認知控制（研究二）、較高的因應彈性（研究三）、較適切的情緒調節策略彈性（研究四）、較高與較平衡的心理需求滿足（研究五）、和較高的智力增長觀自我信念（研究六）。然後，在高正念的個體中，關愛目標能預測主觀幸福感和安適幸福感（研究七），且與人際層次的零和信念呈現負相關（研究八）；在低正念的個體中則沒有發現上述關連性。最後，經由正念促發後，能立即提升個體的認知控制彈性（AX連續表現作業），且在正念促發組的個體，關愛目標亦可負向預測零和信念。結論針對理論拓展和限制進行說明。

The present studies aimed to investigate the relationship between mindfulness and psychological flexibility. Firstly, we proposed a social cognitive approach for understanding psychological flexibility and then operationalized psychological flexibility at three levels including: “attention and cognitive control”, “coping and emotion regulation”, and “motivation and self” dimensions. Furthermore, to enhance the convergent validity, two tasks were applied at each level. Thus, there were task switching, AX continuous performance task, coping flexibility, emotion regulation choices, psychological needs fulfillment and balance, and incremental self-theory in correspondence. Therefore, six studies investigated the relationship between mindfulness and these psychological flexibility measurements. Then, we investigated the moderating effect of mindfulness on the relationship between compassionated goal with intrapersonal happiness and interpersonal zero-sum belief. Finally, the last study manipulated mindfulness and then investigated its effect on psychological flexibility and the moderating effect on compassionate goal with zero-sum effect. The results revealed that, compared with low mindfulness group, high mindfulness group had less task switching cost (study 1), more balance in using proactive and reactive cognitive control (study 2), better coping flexibility (study 3), better emotion regulation choices flexibility (study 4), better psychological needs fulfillment and balance (study 5), and higher incremental self-theory on intelligence (study 6). In addition, compared with low mindfulness individuals, high mindfulness individuals’ compassionate goal positively correlated with subjective well-being and peace of mind (study 7), and negatively correlated with zero-sum belief (study 8). Furthermore, compared with the other two controlled groups, the group with brief mindfulness manipulation revealed better cognitive flexibility and their compassionate goal negatively correlated with zero-sum belief (study 9). Potential theoretical and practical applications were discussed.