生育對臺灣家戶所得與財富的影響

Abstract

儘管性別不平等的成因存在許多不同的解釋，近年來文獻發現其主要可能導源於生育的影響。本文旨在探討生育對於男女所得與財富差異的影響。利用臺灣全民健康保險與財政部的資料(樣本期間在2000-2017年)，透過事件研究法，我們發現女性在勞動市場上存在生育懲罰，但男性則幾乎不受影響。在延伸分析中，我們亦利用差異中之差異法(DID)探討男女在生育後所得與財富的變化。結果顯示在所得上男性擁有生育溢酬但女性卻有生育懲罰，儘管如此，其金融資產的變化卻未有相同的模式。此外，男女皆在財富上擁有生育溢酬，且此溢酬大部分來自於不動產的增加。 此結果說明有小孩的男性比起女性平均而言，可能會負擔更多的家庭開支，且世代間與夫妻間的財富移轉可能發生於生育之後。整體而言，生育對女性在財富上帶來益處，所謂的生育懲罰可能並未真正存在。

Despite that there are many different explanations for gender inequality, recent literature finds that a large part of the inequality could be attributed to child birth. This paper mainly discusses the impact of children on men’s and women’s earnings and wealth. Using National Health Insurance(NHI) and Financial Information Agency (FIA) data from Taiwan over 2000-2017 period, together with an event study approach, we find that women have child penalty in labor market outcomes while men are almost unaffected. To extend, we utilize a difference-in-differences design to investigate the earnings and wealth change after child birth. The results show that men receive earnings premium but women receive earnings penalty. Nevertheless, the changes in financial assets of men and women do not follow the similar pattern. In addition, both men and women have wealth premium in the long run, and most of the premium derives from the increase in real estate. This suggests that men with children may cover more family expenses than women do. Also, there might exist wealth transfer between couples and generations after child birth. As a whole, women with children are better off in terms of wealth and child penalty for women may not really exist.