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標題: | 《補漢兵志》與宋元學者的漢代兵制研究 Supplements to Treatise of Han Military and the Sung-Yuan Scholars’ Study of the Han Military Institutions |
作者: | Hok-Ngai Ma 馬學毅 |
指導教授: | 閻鴻中 |
關鍵字: | 兵制,史學史,補漢兵志,宋代史學,中國政治制度史, Military Institution,History of Historiography,Supplements to Treatises of Han Military,Sung Historiography,History of Chinese Political System, |
出版年 : | 2019 |
學位: | 碩士 |
摘要: | 本文以南宋錢文子(生卒年不詳)《補漢兵志》為中心,探討由漢至元對漢代兵制研究,藉此重建中國兵制史學史。
前三史和漢代職官文獻涉及兵制的記載頗為零星,未見系統。早期的研究,先有漢唐間學者疏通三史文義、漢代史事與制度內涵,粗具研究的雛形;其次,中唐杜佑(735-812)之《通典》排比漢代文獻,並結合漢唐研究成果,創造了新的漢代武官書寫與兵力配置的論述,至於通盤考察歷代兵制,則非其所欲詳。 與杜佑同時的學者面對安史之亂以後國家兵力配置失衡的問題,開始留意唐代兵制得失,一時議兵制風氣漸開;然而,當時的軍事書寫作品並不以重建歷代兵制為目標。直到北宋中期歐陽修(1007-1072)《新唐書.兵志》通盤考察唐代兵制興廢得失,方才扭轉軍事書寫的重心,並影響此下制度史研究與書寫甚深,其典範意義不容小覷。 南宋以後,通盤考察歷代兵制成風,漢代兵制研究異軍突起,眾說紛紜,可惜多已散佚不存。《補漢兵志》是今存僅見的漢代兵制研究專著。細析《補漢兵志》作意,錢文子以「用民/役民」為標的,從兵役用度著眼考察漢代兵制,其關注點有三: (1)留意西漢不同賦役的特色與役民用度的輕重。 (2)批判漢武帝(公元前156年-公元前87年)大量招募士卒與罪徒,使政府開銷大增,並非良舉。東漢光武帝(公元前5年-公元57年)銷州郡兵,以募兵取代民兵,導致錢文子不欲考察東漢兵制。 (3)肯定漢代邊防兼役民與募兵,以及利用不同部隊協同攻防,達成協防加乘的果效。 與錢文子同時研究漢代兵制者,既有立足於宋代募兵之失而批判漢代募兵制度;亦有考證漢代南北軍的建置及其理念、兵器管理、選拔將帥等層面;另有揭示漢代尚武風氣等,皆各具勝義,其見解無疑是深入文獻、洞見漢代軍事文化的結果。更重要的是,經歷兩宋學者研究的醞釀,成形於北宋的兵制研究,在馬端臨(1245-1322)撰寫《文獻通考.兵考》與批判杜佑「遺賦調之規」的同時,兵制研究的範疇與基準至此方可謂完成。 The purpose of this research is focus on Southern Sung scholars Qian Wen Zi(?-?)’s Supplements To Treatises of Han Military (《補漢兵志》)to investigate the study of Han military institutions in Han-Yuan dynasties, in which to reconstruct the historiography of Chinese military institutions. In Qian Sanshi(前三史)and the text of Han bureaucracy, describe about Han military was fragmentary. The Scholars of Han-Tang dynasties annotated the content of Qian San Shi, the history and the institutions in Qian Sanshi, it is the Prototype research of Han institutions. At the middle-Tang period, Du You(杜佑,735-812)assembled Han Sources and Han-Tang studies to created unique insights writing of Han military officials and troop allocation narratives in his Comprehensive Canons(《通典》), however, comprehensive reviews of series military institutions were not his interest. After An Lushan Rebellion(安史之亂,755-763), The scholars in the same time with Du You faced the bad troop allocation problem, so they started to discussed the military institutions; but, in that time military writing were not to focus on reconstruct dynasties military institutions until OuYang Xiu(歐陽修,1007-1072)had written New Tang History(《新唐書》). His specialized treatise of military institutions (〈兵志〉) had reconstructed the history of military institutions and its advantage and disadvantage. Its influence was significant. In Southern Sung, comprehensive or specialize reviews of dynasties military is popular, the Han military institutions research were the most popular, unfortunately most of them were lost except The Supplements to Specialized treatise of Han Military which was the only one discourse of Han military institutions. Analyzing the Supplement Specialized treatise of Han Military, we will know that Qian Wenzi based on military service to investigate Han institutions. His main points were: (1) Noticing Western Han feature of variety military and labor services and expense degree; (2) Criticize Han Wudi(漢武帝,B.C. 156- B.C. 87) recruit some soldiers and criminal, it made some government expense; Han Guangwudi(漢光武帝 B.C. 5- A.D. 57)cut down the Commandery army so that Qian Wenzi didn’t want to investigate Eastern Han military institutions; (3) Affirming Han frontier defense were constituted by military service and recruitment, and variety army collaboration made a good co-defense effect. Ulike Qian Wen Zi, Sung-Yuan Scholars'research based on The bad of Sung recruitment to criticize the Han recruitment; researched establishment and idea of the Han South and North Army(南北軍)system, weapon management and the general election; in addition, there were other scholars emphasized the militant spirit with their own merits. Their opinions absolutely were close reading in text and unique insight of Han military culture. And the most important was Ma Duanlin(馬端臨,1245-1322)established the military institutions category and standard. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/15248 |
DOI: | 10.6342/NTU202000542 |
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顯示於系所單位: | 歷史學系 |
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