青少年憂鬱之風險因子、資源因子、與保護因子：形象認同加權確定性的效果

Abstract

「認同確定性」指稱的是個體對於特定認同面向的同一感與確定感，「認同重要」指的是各個特定的認同面向對定位自己瞭解自己的重要程度。過去研究發現青少年的「認同確定性」可預測其憂鬱程度。本研究欲探討與青少年的社會脈絡及生活課題息息相關的「形象認同」各面向之確定感與青少年憂鬱之間的關係，並強調認同確定性對於憂鬱的預測力應與青少年對特定面向的重視程度有關。因此本研究將八個與「形象認同」有關的面向之「認同重要性」分數乘以「認同確定性」分數，形成「加權確定性」之分數。共有1969位大台北區的高一學生填寫認同重要性量表、認同確定性量表、及憂鬱量表（CES-D）。分析一透過逐步迴歸，發現「外型」、「學業」、「受歡迎」、「用功」、「經濟物質」之加權確定性為影響青少年憂鬱的風險因子；分析二則採用階層迴歸的方式，檢驗「體育」、「電腦」、「用功」與「音樂美術」等預測較可透過學校輔導體系改善其認同確定性的面向，可否做為以上風險因子在影響憂鬱時的「保護因子」或「資源因子」。研究顯示，「體育」、「美術音樂」、「電腦」與「用功」，分別都能在各個風險因子預測憂鬱時，發揮資源因子的作用。而在保護因子的部份，「體育」、「美術音樂」與「用功」可緩衝「受歡迎」，「體育」可緩衝「學業」，在青少年男生的加權確定性中，「電腦」可緩衝「外型」。這些訊息提供了學校輔導工作者，在處理特定面向對青少年憂鬱的影響時，較有利的切入點。

Identity firmness is the extent to which one feels that he/she will stay the same on a specific facet continuously regardless of temporal or spatial changes. Identity importance is the degree of desire to fulfill a specific facet of one’s identity. Past research has revealed that identity firmness is a key factor in predicting adolescent depression. This study proposed that identity importance would also contribute to one’s psychological health. That is, identity firmness weighted by identity importance may be a conceptually more thorough indicator for adolescent mental health. In addition, image identity is an aspect of the content of identity that is highly concerned by and related with the daily life of adolescents. Therefore, the present study attempted to use the score of identity firmness weighted by identity importance to investigate which of the facets from image identity play a role as the risk factor, the resource factor, or the protective factor in predicting adolescent depression. A total of 1969 students from four senior high schools in Taipei participated in this study. Participants were asked to complete the “Questionnaire of Identity Importance, 3rd edition” (QII-III), the “Questionnaire of Identity Firmness, 3rd edition” (QIF-III), and the “Centre for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale” (CES-D). In Analysis 1, a stepwise regression analysis was conducted using the weighted identity firmness scores from eight facets of image identity (i.e., appearance, academic achievement, diligence, athleticism, computer studies, music & art, popularity, and materialism) as the predictors, and the depression score as the outcome variable. Results indicated the weighted identity firmness score of appearance, academic achievement, diligence, popularity, and materialism played a role as the risk factor in predicting adolescent depression. In Analysis 2, hierarchical regression analysis was applied to investigate whether the weighted firmness scores of athleticism, computer studies, music & art, and diligence could moderate the relation between the abovementioned risk factors and depression. Results indicated that the weighted firmness scores of athleticism, computer studies, music & art, and diligence all played a significant role as the resource factor above and beyond the impact of each of the risk factors to adolescent depression. In addition, the weighted identity firmness scores of athleticism, music & art, and diligence were found to serve as the protective factor that buffered against adolescent depression brought about by the low weighted firmness of popularity. Additionally, the weighted firmness of athleticism was able to buffer against the effect of low academic achievement, and males’ weighted firmness of computer studies was able to buffer against the impact of low appearance firmness on depression. The present study provided practical information for helping high-school-level adolescents in decreasing their depression.