刑事制裁與少年司法：論少年刑事案件之制裁選項

Abstract

少年司法作為刑事司法體制中具特殊地位的獨立分支，自萌芽之初即不曾停歇地於「福祉」與「懲罰」，這兩種截然不同的犯罪回應思維間擺盪，以試圖發展出一套不同於成人的運作邏輯，進而妥適地回應觸法少年藉由其行為所表徵的保護需求與可非難性，我國在20世紀末期亦基於類似的想法，發展出了一套促成司法系統與福利系統耦合的少年法制，並且在既有刑事制裁外研發出新興的「保護處分」作為回應少年犯罪的司法手段。 惟不可忽視的是在實際運作上，少年的觸法行為除前開保護處分外，依據實證法仍有一定比例會連結到成人刑法中的既有制裁選項。此類制裁應如何配合少年健全自我成長的立法精神，進行調整從而妥適地準用至少年事件中，相關的規範指引迄今在我國少事法中仍付之闕如。為了填補前開規範空白的現況，不同於既往研究係將保護處分之思維逕延伸至刑事制裁中，本研究所採取的方法乃奠基在我國既有的規範結構上，同時借鏡德國少年刑法的法制設計與相關學理討論成果，藉此填充少年健全自我成長之立法意旨投射於少年刑事制裁時，可能具有的實質內涵與調校機能。 本研究的分析結果指出，不論在刑罰、保安處分乃至於沒收等法律效果範疇中，現行少事法之規範設計與實際運作，均未妥適地衡平「少年特殊性」與「既有制裁目的」兩者在法律效果決策上的權重分配，從而有在立法論與解釋論上予以全盤檢討之需求。

As a specialized and independent branch of the criminal justice system, juvenile justice has continuously oscillated between two distinct paradigms: "welfare" and "punishment". This evolution reflects an ongoing effort to develop an operational logic separate from the adult system, aiming to address both the protection needs and the culpability manifested through a juvenile’s delinquent behavior. At the end of the 20th century, Taiwan followed a similar trajectory by establishing a juvenile justice framework that coupled the judicial and welfare systems, introducing "protective dispositions" as a novel judicial response to juvenile delinquency, distinct from traditional criminal sanctions. However, it is observable that under positive law, a certain proportion of juvenile delinquent acts still lead to traditional criminal sanctions within the adult penal code, rather than solely to the aforementioned protective dispositions. Current guidance within the Juvenile Justice Act remains insufficient regarding how such sanctions should be adjusted and applied to juvenile cases in accordance with the legislative spirit of promoting the "sound self-growth of juveniles". To fill this regulatory vacuum, this study departs from previous research that merely extended the logic of protective dispositions into the realm of criminal sanctions. Instead, it adopts a methodology rooted in Taiwan’s existing normative structure while drawing upon the legislative design and doctrinal discourse of German juvenile criminal law (Jugendstrafrecht). This approach aims to substantiate the substantive content and calibrating functions of "sound self-growth" when projected onto juvenile criminal sanctions. The findings indicate that across various legal consequences—including punishment, measures of rehabilitation and security, and confiscation—the current design and practical operation of the Juvenile Justice Act fail to appropriately balance "juvenile specificity" with "traditional penal purposes" in the determination of legal effects. Consequently, there is an imperative need for a comprehensive review from the perspectives of both de lege ferenda and de lege lata.