定量分析台北馬拉松半程賽道熱危害潛在風險

Abstract

近年來，半程馬拉松、馬拉松等長距離耐力跑之城市馬拉松在台灣越來越流行。 然而台灣氣候炎熱潮濕，使參加馬拉松比賽的選手經常面臨高風險的熱危害。本研究主要目的是識別馬拉松路線中熱環境以及量化運動員熱危害的風險，並以世界田徑精英標籤賽事台北馬拉松的半程馬拉松路線，透過移動監測採集沿線環境參數，使用熱應變決策輔助模型 (HSDA) 所推算的身體核心溫度 (CBT) 和綜合溫度熱指數 (WBGT) 來評估賽道沿線之熱應力。為了量化熱壓力對從新手跑者、一般跑者到精英跑步者的不同群體的影響，進一步估計了沿途 WBGT 和 CBT 的時空變化。研究結果顯示，以2021 年台北半程馬拉松七點起跑情境為例，冬季氣溫較低，所有跑者的 WBGT 與 CBT 均維持在安全範圍；然而在夏季高溫條件下，賽道中的 WBGT 指標對菁英跑者達到警示程度，對一般與新手跑者則達到高度警示，尚未到達危險等級。然而另一方面，在身體核心溫度的模擬中可以發現到，菁英、一般以及新手跑者分別在賽道 14 公里、 14.3 公里以及15公里處，跑者其身體核心溫度就有超過40℃之可能，有熱中暑風險。若起跑時間不變，建議在14 公里處之後，增加補給站和醫療資源的密度以減輕熱負荷。起跑時間調整分析表明，若改為 04:00 起跑，以身體核心溫度所評估的熱危害超標路段比例可降至 3%；而 05:00 起跑情境下，路段超標比例降至 16%，更符合實際需求。本研究亦發現 CBT 與 WBGT在夏季高溫情境下，顯示的熱危害程度差異甚大，因此需要更多後續研究進行探討。

In the recent years, the long-distance endurance running races, such as half-marathon or marathon, are becoming much more popular in Taiwan. However, due to the frequent hot and humid weather in this low-latitude country, runners in these races usually face the risk of thermal hazards. In order to analyze the heat stress for the runners in such environment, the main objectives of this study are to characterize the thermal environment in road race events and to quantify the risk of thermal hazard for athletes. This study chose the route of half-marathon of Taipei Marathon, a World Athletics Elite Label race, as the research object. The necessary environmental parameters for risk of thermal hazards along the route were collected by means of mobile monitoring, and the heat stress on the route was evaluated through core body temperature (CBT) simulated by the Heat Strain Decision Aid model (HSDA) and the thermal index, Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT). To quantify the impact of heat stress on different groups from beginner to elite runners, the spatiotemporal variations of WBGT and core body temperature along the route were further estimated. The study results indicate that, based on the 2021 Taipei Half Marathon with a 7:00 a.m. start time, the winter scenario with cooler temperatures keeps both WBGT and CBT values within safe limits for all runners. However, in summer’s high-temperature conditions, WBGT levels for elite runners reach a "warning" level and a "high warning" level for general and novice runners, without reaching the dangerous threshold. On the other hand, body core temperature simulations show that elite, general, and novice runners are at risk of exceeding 40°C at the 14 km, 14.3 km, and 15 km marks, respectively, indicating heat stroke risk. If the start time remains unchanged, it is recommended to increase the density of aid and medical stations after the 14 km point to help reduce heat strain. Start time adjustment analysis reveals that a 4:00 a.m. start could reduce the proportion of core temperature hazard sections to 3%, while a 5:00 a.m. start reduces this proportion to 16%, which may be more practical. This study also finds significant discrepancies between CBT and WBGT in evaluating heat hazard levels under high summer temperatures. Therefore, further research is needed for exploration.