日占時期（1941-1945）上海散文研究：以紀果庵、文載道與柳雨生為例

Abstract

上海的日本占領時期介於二次大戰期間，始於1941年底日本向美國宣戰後，入侵租界並全面占領上海，結束於1945年8月日本投降。此時上海雖不直接成為戰場，但卻屬於中國境內由日本實質控制、汪精衛政府統轄的區域。過往學者對此階段上海文學的討論，多從報刊研究的角度切入以勾勒整體文壇概況，或借鑑理論以觀照特定類型文本或現象。然在這之中，與日汪政府關係緊密的文人、學者散文，往往容易被附加類型化的標籤，或者因其中的政治立場頗具爭議，而較少有研究者對其內在思想與文學價值進行深入探討。

有鑑於此，筆者以紀果庵、文載道和柳雨生三位作家為例，嘗試凸顯作家的個體性，並探討以下三個問題：首先，在民族集體大義凌駕個人微言的氛圍，以及日本占領的特殊情境下，筆者嘗試梳理三位寫作者如何在散文中傳遞自我形象，以及個人與時代的互動。其次，在個體自我的抒情之外，這三位寫作者的作品也蘊含豐厚的知識與學術性，他們如何整合既有的歷史與文化資源，形塑出各家的風格與美學特質，亦為本文探究的重點。最後，筆者也嘗試從文學史的角度，觀察1940年代上海散文寫作者所承繼的寫作資源，並重新思考他們在散文史上的位置與意義。

欲回答上述問題，筆者盡可能蒐集三位作家在日占時期出版的文集與報刊發表作品。在處理各章節案例時，筆者皆從研究對象的生平與文壇活動入手，接著再比對他們在戰爭前後的作品，以初步掌握其人身處的時代背景、學思歷程，以及整體寫作風格、主題與特色。而在實際論述作品時，則以文本細讀的方式進行分析，並考察他們承繼的寫作源流與調度之創作資源。同時，筆者也嘗試將作品與寫作者身處的歷史處境對話，從文本內外探查他們所呈現的自我形象與言說，如何與戰爭、日本占領下的動盪社會進行互動。

儘管這三位寫作者的創作題材與關懷不盡相同，但皆環繞著幾個主題經營：作為文明載體之「書」、故鄉或異域「風土」，以及亂世中的「自我」。這些作品一方面是對他們所身處之戰爭、占領情境的回應與探索，另一方面也不斷迴向更為悠遠博大的傳統與歷史，並且演繹著相當古老而恆久的課題：個人的出處進退、亂世下的生存抉擇，以及文明的亡失與延續等，從中開展與古今之人的對話與思考。

在上述討論中，筆者無意做出任何輕易簡單的評斷，而是希望藉由探討這三位寫作者的散文作品，更深入對日占時期上海文人心態與文學創作的認識。最後，從散文史的角度釐探他們對五四文人的影響與轉化，以補充既有研究中對1940年代散文認識較為不足之處。

The Japanese occupation of Shanghai during World War II began in late 1941 and lasted until Japan's surrender in August 1945. Although Shanghai did not become a direct battlefield at this time, it belonged to the area within China under the control of Japan and the Wang Jingwei government. During this period, the essays of the literati and scholars who were closely related to the Japanese and Wang governments were often easily labeled as typologies, or because of their controversial political stance, fewer researchers have conducted in-depth investigations into their intrinsic ideological and literary values.

In view of this, the author takes three writers as examples, namely Jiguoan, Wen Zaidao and Liu Yusheng, to highlight the individuality of the writers and to explore the following three issues: firstly, the author tries to sort out how the three authors conveyed their self-image in their essays and how the individual interacted with the times. Secondly, in addition to their personal expression, the works of these three authors are also rich in knowledge and scholarship. How they integrate the existing historical and cultural resources to shape their own styles and aesthetic qualities is also the focus of this paper. Finally, the author also tries to observe the writing resources inherited by Shanghai prose writers in the 1940s from the perspective of literary history, and to rethink their position and significance in the history of prose.

In order to answer the above questions, the author has tried to collect as many anthologies and newspaper articles published by the three authors during the Japanese occupation period. When dealing with the cases in each chapter, the author starts from the biographies and literary activities of the research subjects, and then compares their works before and after the war, in order to get a preliminary understanding of the background of their times, their thinking process, as well as their overall writing styles, themes and characteristics. In the actual discussion of their works, the author analyzes them through close reading of the texts, and examines the creative resources they inherited in terms of their sources and modes of writing. At the same time, the author also tries to dialog the works with the historical situation in which the authors were living, and to investigate from both inside and outside the text how their self-image and speech interacted with the turbulent society under the war and the Japanese occupation.

Although the subjects and concerns of these three writers are different, they all revolve around several themes: the "book" as a carrier of civilization, the "fudo" of their hometowns or foreign lands, and the "self" in the midst of a chaotic world. On the one hand, these works are responses to and explorations of the war and occupation situations they are in, and on the other hand, they also keep going back to the more distant and broader traditions and histories, and interpreting the ancient and timeless issues: the personal movement, the choice of survival in the chaotic world, as well as the loss and continuation of the civilization, etc., so as to develop dialogues and reflections with the ancient and the modern people.

In the above discussion, the author does not intend to make any easy and simple judgment, but hopes to deepen his understanding of the mentality and literary creation of Shanghai literati during the Japanese Occupation period by exploring the prose works of these three authors. Finally, from the perspective of the history of prose, we will explore their influence and transformation on the literati of the May Fourth period, in order to make up for the lack of understanding of the prose of the 1940s in the existing studies.