女人真能兼顧一切嗎？亞洲華語媒體對紐西蘭前總理阿爾登請辭事件之框架比較分析

Abstract

2017 年，37歲的阿爾登（Jacinda Ardern）當選紐西蘭總理，成為世界上最年輕的女性國家領導人。她出眾的領袖魅力，如同一陣旋風席捲紐西蘭，帶女兒參與聯合國大會之舉為人稱道，溫暖、明快的執政作風，接連解決許多國家所面臨的挑戰，被譽為「危機處理大師」，廣受全球關注。然而，2023 年 1 月 19 日，執政 5 年半的阿爾登無預警宣布請辭，表示自己的油箱已經沒油，無法為這份工作繼續付出，並且宣布要和伴侶完婚。就在阿爾登宣布辭職後，針對她女性身份的質疑四起，甚至連英國媒體 BBC 都以〈阿爾登辭職：女人真的能兼顧一切嗎？〉（Jacinda Ardern resigns: Can women have it all?）為標題，評論阿爾登身為人母與總理的雙重身分。連 BBC 這樣老牌、頗富聲望的媒體，在今時今日，仍以這樣的角度評論女性政治人物，可由此窺見新聞媒體對於女性參政，仍持特定框架報導。 本研究以臺灣、香港、中國、新加坡、馬來西亞的媒體為研究對象，針對紐西蘭總理阿爾登的請辭事件進行框架分析。透過比較亞洲華語媒體對於此事件的再現，了解媒體內容中女性參政的主要框架，以及其中所欲建構的性別意涵。同時，亦比較不同社會背景下的報導差異，了解其是否會對媒體報導的性別框架產生獨特的影響。 研究結果發現，亞洲華語媒體的新聞及評論中，議題性框架與性別化框架並存，且整體來說，已經沒有針對女性的直接貶損，但女性的傳統角色和性別刻板印象仍被強調，即便在性別平等發展程度較高的國家亦然。尤其是「回歸家庭」和「女人為受害者」這些性別化框架，顯示媒體透過強調女性的家庭角色和受害者形象等，來再現和複製性別刻板印象。此外，議題性框架可能仍隱藏性別意涵。研究也發現，國家社會的政治文化會影響媒體的框架選擇，例如中國和香港媒體獨特的「美國施壓」及「另有隱情」框架，反映其在國際地緣政治當中的特定立場和意識形態。

關鍵詞：華語媒體、女性政治人物、阿爾登、框架分析、性別再現、性別刻板印象

In 2017, Jacinda Ardern's election as Prime Minister of New Zealand at 37 made her the world's youngest female national leader, sparking global interest in her youth, gender, and charismatic leadership. With her empathetic leadership and crisis management skills, Ardern successfully overcame many of the challenges New Zealand faced, earning her global attention. However, after five and a half years, Ardern unexpectedly announced her resignation, citing burnout and a desire to prioritize her personal life, including marriage. Following this, international media weighed in on her shock resignation, notably by outlets like the BBC, which published an article originally with the headline: "Jacinda Ardern resigns: Can women really have it all?”, doubting whether women can balance motherhood and high office, which implies persistent gender biases. This study conducts a framing analysis of media coverage and commentary on Jacinda Ardern's resignation by Mandarin media in Asia, including Taiwan, China, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Malaysia. The study seeks to analyze the main frameworks used by news media in reporting on women in politics. Additionally, the study examines various frameworks in coverage and commentary across different societal backgrounds, in order to determine if varying cultural or political environments result in unique influences on gender framing in media contents. Research findings indicate that while thematic frameworks coexist with gendered frameworks, and overall, no direct sexism targeting women was observed, traditional gender roles and gender stereotypes are repeatedly emphasized, either in a direct or more subtle form. It is a common phenomenon in news reports and commentaries across all Mandarin media in Asia, even in countries with more progressed gender equality development. For instance, gendered frameworks such as "Returning to Family" and "Woman as Victim" reveal the way media reinforces gender stereotypes by depicting women's traditional roles and portraying them as the weak. Moreover, thematic frameworks may still harbor gender norms. It is also found that the political culture of a country influences media's choice of frameworks, as seen in China's "US Pressure" and Hong Kong's "Hidden Motives", reflecting their geopolitical stances.

Keywords: Mandarin Media, Women in Politics, Jacinda Ardern, Framing Analysis, Gender Representation, Gender Stereotypes