ことわざにおけるレトリック表現と機能用法の考察分析―昆虫類を中心に―

Abstract

人們觀察世界幷將感知到的經驗知識應用在日常生活的方方面面。人們在日常生活中時常用到的諺語等慣用表現也與人們的社會，風俗習慣，文化等方面有著深刻的聯繫。至今關於隱喻的探討研究顯示隱喻是一種人們認知世界的基本原則，同時也是一種重要的人類思考方式。因此用隱喻等概念去探討分析諺語具有一定的可行性。在古代，昆蟲常被人們歸類為小型動物，受其影響昆蟲類諺語有不少是從動物的觀點來探討。然而，無論在生態系統，或者在人們日常生活中動物和昆蟲都發揮著不同的作用。上述觀點有可能無法梳理出昆蟲類諺語其獨有的特徴等。 本論文將從昆蟲中選出螞蟻、蜻蜓、蜜蜂、蝴蝶作爲考察對象，主要從認知語言學中的概念隱喻等比喻的觀點出發，對日文裏上述四種昆蟲的諺語進行考察分析。接著本論文的第五章更進一步分析日文諺語中的句尾詞性、語義和機能用法以及從心理學的內心糾葛的角度進行考察分析。由此可以看出，日文中的昆蟲諺語具有將昆蟲類當成中立的客體看待的特徴。 在日文的諺語研究之外，本論文利用認知語言學等理論，分析了日中兩國對于上述四種昆蟲相關諺語的使用傾向及形成原因。第六章從修辭手法、諺語的語義和文化方面分析了日中兩國昆蟲相關的諺語。與日文中將昆蟲類看做中立的客體的觀點有所不同，中文更傾向于將人類自身投射到昆蟲上。另外受其昆蟲鑒賞及釣蜻蜓等文化的影響，日本人更偏愛小型昆蟲，因此與昆蟲有關的諺語，無論是諺語數量上還是語義上都多于中文。

People observe the world and apply their knowledge and experiences they perceive to various aspects of daily life. Proverbs and idiomatic expressions frequently used in everyday conversations are deeply connected to the society, customs, and culture. Research on metaphors has shown that metaphor is a fundamental principle for people to perceive the world and an important way of human thought. Therefore, it is feasible to analyze proverbs using concepts such as metaphors. In ancient times, insects were often classified as small animals, and as a result, many insect-related proverbs were analyzed from the perspective of animal-centric viewpoint. However, animals and insects play different roles in both ecosystems and human daily lives. This perspective may not fully capture the unique characteristics of insect-related proverbs.

This thesis examines proverbs associated with ants, dragonflies, bees, and butterflies in Japanese, adopting the perspective of conceptual metaphors in cognitive linguistics. Subsequently, the fifth chapter of this thesis further analyzes the part-of-speech characteristics, semantic usage, and functional usage of the ending words in Japanese proverbs, as well as from the psychological perspective of inner conflicts. It reveals that Japanese proverbs involving insects typically treat these creatures as neutral objects.

In addition to the study of Japanese proverbs, this thesis uses theories from cognitive linguistics and psychology to explore how Japanese and Chinese languages use proverbs related to the four aforementioned insects, analyzing the reasons behind their usage. The sixth chapter analyzes proverbs related to insects in Japanese and Chinese from the aspects of rhetorical expressions, semantic usage, and culture. Unlike Japanese, which regards insects as neutral objects, Chinese proverbs often reflect a human projection onto insects. Moreover, influenced by the culture of appreciating insects and tombo-tsuri, Japanese people have a preference for small insects. Therefore, insect-related proverbs are more prevalent in both number and semantic usage in Japanese than in Chinese.