朱謙之面對現代性的挑戰

Abstract

本研究欲梳理朱謙之（1899-1972）1949年以前思想世界的現代性關懷。朱謙之借鑒孔德和黑格爾的階段論，來剖析他自己的學思歷程：宗教的虛無主義（第一時期）、哲學的唯情主義（第二時期）、科學的歷史主義（第三時期）、藝術的文化主義（第四時期），大致可見朱氏的基本關懷乃圍繞著關於現代性問題與挑戰的思考。既有的研究往往將朱氏的思想「分段」析論（較為重視第一、第二時期），將他的學術體系劃分為不同範疇之領域（哲學、文學、歷史等），忽略朱謙之思想「變」及「不變」的意義結構，尤其是數次思想轉變所表現的時代思潮及現代性視域。究竟朱謙之何以會有如此分明之思想傾向？各個思想時期之間的相互關係及思考重點是什麼？面對時代危機，朱氏又如何從「唯情」立論，藉由東西方、傳統和現代的思想資源，重新建構中國現代化的道途——充滿真情、愛與和諧的藝術文化圖景？此核心思想如何貫穿其49年以前的文學、歷史及文化觀，甚或影響他的人生行動實踐？上述種種是本研究欲探討的問題，以詳前人所略之處。拙文嘗試超越過往僅著眼朱謙之思想某一時期的限制，或只傾注於學術發展史的研究模式，採用較為寬廣的現代性視域，析論朱謙之的思想核心概念：宇宙革命、唯情哲學、藝術文化的意義結構。

This study aims to elucidate the core concerns in the intellectual world of Zhu Qianzhi (1899-1972) before 1949. Zhu Qianzhi used the stage theories of Comte and Hegel to analyze the formation and manifestation of his though: religious nihilism (first period), philosophical sentimentalism (second period), scientific historicism (third period), and artistic culturalism (fourth period). These stages reveal that Zhu’s primary concern revolved around the challenges of modernity. Existing research often fragments Zhu’s thoughts, with a greater focus on the first and second periods, and categorizes his academic system into different fields such as philosophy, literature, and history. This approach neglects the structural significance of both "change" and "constancy" in Zhu Qianzhi's thought, particularly the tides of thought and the perspective of modernity reflected in his numerous intellectual transitions. Why did Zhu Qianzhi exhibit such distinct intellectual tendencies? What are the interrelationships and focal points among the different intellectual periods? In the face of the crises of his times, how did Zhu reconstruct the path to China's modernization from a "emotivist"（「唯情」） standpoint, utilizing intellectual resources from both Eastern and Western, traditional and modern sources? This path is characterized by a vision of The Artistic Culture imbued with genuine emotion, love, and harmony. How did this core concerns permeate his views on literature, history, and culture before 1949, and even influence his practical actions in life? This paper emphasised to explore these issues in detail, addressing areas that previous research has overlooked. This paper aims to amend the limitations of previous studies that only focused on specific periods of Zhu Qianzhi’s thought or solely concentrated on the academic perspective of his works. It adopts a broader perspective of modernity to analyze the meaning structure of core concepts in Zhu Qianzhi’s though: Cosmological Revolution（宇宙革命）, Philosophy of Qing（唯情哲學）, and The Artistic Culture（藝術文化）.