法祖與經世：高岱（1508-1564）《鴻猷錄》的歷史編纂與思想

Abstract

《鴻猷錄》是一部由十六世紀明朝史家高岱編纂的本朝史著作，仿效《通鑑紀事本末》體例，記載明初至明中期約兩百年的歷史。這部被明史學者廣泛徵引使用的史著，其本身內容及結構卻未曾得到充分的研究。因此，本文首次對《鴻猷錄》予以全面深入的探討，以揭示這部史著的價值與重要性。 本文從高岱的生平、時代背景與學術氛圍出發，理解《鴻猷錄》成書的由來。作為一位生活於正德、嘉靖年間的文人與官僚，高岱精通文史，熟捻政事，由於深感明中葉以降軍事危機之深重，在當時興起的「經世」學風影響下，高岱試圖思考如何運用史學固有的「鑑往知來」功能，達致「經世致用」的目的。嘉靖年間，朝野上下出現一股主張「法祖」的思潮，國初典制與祖宗行事成為議論時政的依據，既促進時人研讀國初史事的興趣，也驅使包括高岱在內的衆多士人投入私修國史事業，遂有《鴻猷錄》一書的問世。 《鴻猷錄》採紀事本末體、專載用兵史事，與每篇史事之後均附史論等特色，使它與同時期的史著相比顯得相對突出。在史料運用上，高岱博採《龍飛紀略》、《皇明通紀》等各種史著，與《皇明經濟文錄》所載奏疏、記實著作；不僅如此，高岱並非純事抄撮，全無個人主見，藉由比對、整合、改寫不同史源，使《鴻猷錄》不同於以往僅以單一史源為主體的紀事本末體史著。對於書中各篇史事之起始句與收束句之重視，更顯示高岱對「紀事本末體」以「事」為主之性質已有充分認識，使此體例不再屬編年體史學之附庸。 《鴻猷錄》也呈現出明中後期「經世」史學的特色，亦即史學的道德批判色彩降低，轉而強調現實的「致用性」。在本書前八卷中，高岱試圖透過敘述「開國」、「靖難」史事，彰顯太祖、成祖的智謀勇略，以及開基創業的艱辛，以此來警醒安逸的時人，並期望他們學習祖宗作為，來面對眼前的軍事危機。而在本書後八卷中，高岱則將視角延伸到明中葉以降的征伐與叛亂事件，記述亂事的發展原因、經過與官員的處置作為，並從人事角度出發，進行總體檢討：就高層叛亂而言，他指出君主過寵的危險；就地方治理與平亂而言，呼籲朝廷責成有能的官員；就邊境騷動而言，則強調順應夷情，不輕易動武。 本文最後說明《鴻猷錄》在明末清初的影響。從多種刻本的流傳，以及許多明清士人在著作中的引用，可見《鴻猷錄》影響之大。不過，明末清初有志於修當代史的史家仍對本書記載提出一些批評：一方面，高岱多採野史、奏疏為史源，儘管經過作者的「參質考訂」，《鴻猷錄》仍難免記事上的錯誤；另一方面，《鴻猷錄》所使用的「紀事本末體」與紀傳、編年體相比固有其優點，卻也存在分割時間與繫年不清確等問題。這些問題為高岱個人疏失，及其時代侷限性所致。不過在明末清初有越來越多史著以軍事史為主題，並在體例上近似或明確仿效《鴻猷錄》，因而增進世人對「紀事本末體」之認識。

Hongyoulu, a history book on the Ming dynasty, was compiled by the 16th-century historian Gao Dai (1508-1564). It follows the style of Tongjian jishi benmo and records about two hundred years of history from the early Ming to the mid-Ming period. Despite its extensive citations in Ming studies, the content and structure of this history book have not been fully investigated. Therefore, this thesis aims to provides a comprehensive and detailed discussion of Hongyoulu to reveal the value and significance of this history book. This thesis first explores Gao Dai's life, and then examines the origins of Hongyoulu in the context of mid-Ming Socio-political and intellectual milieu. As a literati and bureaucrat living in the Zhengde and Jiajing eras, Gao Dai was not only proficient in literature and history, but also familiar with political affairs. He worried about the military crises frequently occurring in mid-Ming and pursued the way of "jingshi" (managing the world). During the Jiajing reign, there was a trend of thought called "fazu" (modeling the ancestors). The trend of thought motivated many scholars, including Gao Dai, to devoted themselves to studying early Ming history, and convinced the "ancestors’ instructions" (instructions made by Ming emperors) could be the basis for "jingshi". As a result, Gao Dai privately compiled history of Ming dynasty and named Hongyoulu, hoping this history book could help people to discuss current affairs and predict the future. Hongyoulu is characterized by its "jishi benmo style", its specialization in military history, and the historical commentaries that follow each historical event, which make it stand out in comparison with other historical works of the same period. In his use of historical materials, Gao Dai referenced various historical works such as Longfei Jilue and Huangming Tongji, as well as administrative documents and records found in the Huangming Jingji Wenlu. Also, he compared, integrated, and rewrote different historical sources, making Hongyoulu differ from previous chronicle-style historical works, which mainly based on single source. Gao Dai's careful attention to the introductory and concluding sentences of each historical account demonstrated his understanding that the essence of the "jishi benmo style" focused on events rather than chronological recording, marking a departure from traditional annalistic historiography. Hongyoulu also reflects the characteristics of "jingshi Shixue" (historiography of statecraft) in the mid to late Ming period, which emphasized the utilitarian aspect of historiography over moral criticism. In the first eight volumes of this book, Gao Dai tried to highlight the wisdom and courage of the founding emperors, Taizu and Chengzu, through narratives of the founding of Ming and the Jingnan campaign. He portrayed the hardships they faced in establishing the dynasty to caution the complacent people of his time, urging them to learn from their ancestors in confronting contemporary military crises. In the latter eight volumes, Gao Dai extended his focus on the military campaigns and rebellions since the mid-Ming Dynasty. He described the causes, developments, and official responses to these tumultuous events, conducting a general review from a personnel perspective: in the case of high-level rebellions, he pointed out the dangers of monarch’s favoritism; in the case of local governance and suppression of rebellions, he appealed to the court to appoint capable officials; and in the case of disturbances at the border, he advised officials not to interfere with the customs of the rude tribes and resort to military force recklessly. Finally, this thesis discusses the influence of Hongyoulu during the late Ming and early Qing periods. The widespread circulation of various editions and numerous references to it in works by Ming and Qing scholars underscored Hongyoulu’s significant impact. However, historians of the late Ming and early Qing periods criticized certain aspects of this book: for one thing, despite Gao Dai’s efforts in verifying the credibility of historical sources, there were still many factual mistakes in Hongyoulu. For another, while the "jishi benmo style" used in Hongyoulu had its advantages over traditional annalistic and biographical styles, it also faced criticisms for division of time and some narratives about time being too ambiguous. These problems caused by Gao Dai's carelessness and the limitations of his time. But it’s worth noting that the popularity of compiling military history continued to grow in the late Ming and early Qing periods, and the style of many subsequent historical works was similar in or explicitly followed Hongyoulu, thus enhancing people’s understanding of the "jishi benmo style".