論史坎冷的指責理論

Abstract

本文之要旨，在於分析、反省Scanlon提出之「關係依賴指責理論」。依據Scanlon對指責的詮釋，指責既非僅是評價，亦非屬於懲罰，而是一種根據關係受損的態度調整。所謂關係的受損，係指他人的態度違反了特定關係之規範；所謂的態度調整，係指改變自己對受指責者的期待或意圖。這套「關係依賴指責理論」不僅為「指責是什麼？」提供了新穎的回答，也為「指責倫理議題（例如：在什麼情況下，指責他人是恰當的？）」提供了細緻的說明。然而，此理論有三個值得反省之問題，第一、「道德關係的破壞」如何能夠使「態度的調整」是適當的？ 第二、「態度的調整」能否適切地詮釋「指責」的概念？第三、它能否完善地解決自由相關哲學問題？為了處理這些問題，本文第二章檢視Scanlon的方法論以及探討指責理論需要滿足的指標。在第三章，考察Scanlon的理論建構，在其不足之處予以合理的詮釋或補充之外，並介紹其遭受的批評並試圖回應之。接著，在第四章，探討Scanlon指責理論如何回應以下兩個哲學議題：指責與自由、指責與道德運氣。本文將指出，Scanlon的解方有所不足，並援引一些說法補充之。最後，第五章為結論。

This thesis aims to analyze and reflect on Scanlon''s“Relationship-Dependent Theory.” According to Scanlon''s interpretation of blame, it is not merely an evaluation or punishment, but rather an attitude adjustment based on the impairment to relationships. The term“impairment to relationships”refers to the violation of norms in a specific relationship by the attitudes of others, and“attitude adjustment”refers to changing one''s expectations or intentions towards the blamed. This "Relationship-Dependent Theory”not only provides a novel answer to the question“What is blame?”but also offers detailed explanations for ethical issues related to blame, such as“Under what circumstances is it appropriate to blame others? ”However, the theory raises two reflective questions: first, how can the“impairment to moral relationships”justify the“adjustment of attitudes”? Second, can the“adjustment of attitudes”appropriately interpret the concept of“blame”? Third, can it proficiently address the philosophical questions concerning freedom? To address these issues, the second chapter examines Scanlon''s methodology and discusses the criteria that blame theories need to meet. In the third chapter, Scanlon''s theoretical framework is examined, and reasonable interpretations or supplements are provided for its shortcomings. Criticisms faced by Scanlon''s theory are introduced, and attempts to respond to them are made. Moving on to the fourth chapter, the thesis explores how Scanlon''s theory of blame addresses two philosophical issues: blame and freedom, and blame and moral luck. This thesis points out deficiencies in Scanlon''s solutions and supplements them with certain perspectives. Finally, the fifth chapter serves as a conclusion.