就審能⼒規範之探究 ——從醫療模式與⼈權模式觀點看刑事審判中被告之地位

Abstract

現行的就審能力規範以被告的能力作為審判參與門檻，在此制度下被認定欠缺就審能力者，通常為具有精神疾病或其他障礙的族群，其在經認定無就審能力後，除了無法進行審判外，還可能會面臨各種以醫療或保護為名的拘束人身自由措施。 本文從西方刑事審判歷史觀察被告地位的演變，包含過往的審判系統是如何區分及對待無法參與審判的被告，以及背後潛藏的權力作用。並以英美兩國作為比較法，檢視當代就審能力規範的變化、現今的刑事司法系統如何處理欠缺就審能力的被告。 又由於聯合國於2008年施行的身心障礙者權利公約，其所主張的人權模式，對於身心障礙者相關的規範要求，與現行採取醫療模式的各國法制落差甚大，故本文將分析此兩者立法模式的脈絡、對於身心障礙者觀點的差異及正當性，來探討現行的就審能力規範能否及如何銜接公約要求。最後回歸我國現行規範，重行檢視就審能力的劃分標準、審判中對於身心障礙被告可提供的支持措施、以及欠缺就審能力者的相關處遇，提出修正建議。

The current legislation of competency to stand trial uses the defendant’s capacity as the threshold of trial participation. Under this system, those who are found to be incompetent are usually persons with mental disorders or other disabilities. In addition to being excluded from the trial, the incompetent defendants may also face various measures to restrict their liberty in the name of medical treatment or protection. This thesis will observe the transformation of defendants’ status from the history of Western criminal trials, including how the past trial system distinguished and treated incompetent defendants, and the hidden power function behind it. The paper also uses norms in England and Wales and United States as comparative law, examines the change in current legislation of competency to stand trial and how the criminal justice system deals with incompetent defendants. Besides, according to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), which was implemented in 2008, the normative requirements of human right model is quite different from the contemporary legal systems that adopt the medical model. Therefore, this thesis will analyze the contexts of these two models, including the different views on persons with disabilities and the legitimacy, to explore whether and how the competency legislation can reconcile with the requirements of CRPD. At last, after examining the current competency legislation in Taiwan, discuss the classification standard of competency to stand trial, and the support measures that can be provided to defendants with disabilities, and the relevant treatments of incompetent defendants, the thesis will propose amendments to relevant statutes.