東日本大震災から見た霊体験における再会 ―『あの日から』を中心に―

Abstract

2011年3月11日，日本東北地區發生了震驚全球的東日本大震災。在這場災害後，日本東北受災區傳出所謂的「靈異事件」，然而除了1896年東北地區的明治三陸地震外，日本國內其他的地震中並明顯沒有出現這個現象相關的故事與記錄。因此，本論文以「遠野物語第99話」、「等風的岬角」、「海邊的吧檯」和「猿之湯」為考察對象，著眼於以日本東北地區震災過後的靈異事件當中的重逢為主題。透過日本東北地區災後靈異體驗發生的重逢，考察其背後的生死觀和心理因素是如何滲透、促成超自然現象的重逢，以及其對於東日本大地災的受災者而言的意義。 考察結果可以整理出以下三點結論：(1)人在遭遇巨大喪慟時，會產生對現實的反思和脫離因果循環的渴望。以本次考察對象而言，受災戶感到「只有自己生還」、「對復興工程的抗拒感」和「自我逃避」等倖存者罪惡感，進而觸動到超越宗教教條思想的靈性，並以此推進靈異經驗的重逢；(2)靈異體驗的重逢除了奠基在(1)的反思之外，還需要受災者積極面對靈異體驗的努力，才能夠促成靈異體驗的重逢，進而達到撫慰心靈傷痛、向前邁進的積極作用；(3)災後可以看到受災戶基於「必須守護代代祖先留傳下來的土地」、「自古以來靠海維生」和「被泉水、河流、海洋抱持的神聖性吸引」等原因，在災後依然選擇回到幾經海嘯襲擊的故鄉。另一方面，上述的靈性強調人與土地之間的連結，即使在死後，靈魂也會留存在故鄉的某處。在日本岩手縣一帶的民俗考證，也有同樣概念的事蹟支持這項理論，因此可以推論不論是災後的復興建設或者是靈異體驗的重逢，都具有強烈地回歸故鄉的意識。

On March 11 2011, Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami occurred in north-eastern coast of Japan. After the shocking earthquake disaster, there are some supernatural incidents and stories being told in Tōhoku region. It didn't happen in the regions had been affected or damaged by earthquakes before, except Tōhoku earthquake and the 1896 Sanriku earthquake, which surprisingly also happened in north-eastern coast of Japan. Therefore, by focusing on 99th story of Tōnomonogatari, Kazemachi Misaki, Umibe no Kauntā and Sarun no yu, the present study aimed to investigate how do the phycological factors and the view of life and death form a spiritual perspective affect people, and lead them to the experience of supernatural reunion. There are three points summarize and indicate the findings of the present study. First, people tend to show great regret and the urge to break away the circle of karma. We can see the survivor guilt in the stories, such as "why am I the only one who survived", "being reluctant to rebuilding after disasters" and "escapism". These negative feelings awaken the spirituality inside all the people, especially those who are mentally damaged after the disasters, and thus the spirituality lead people from being depressed to experience the supernatural reunion. Second, the supernatural reunion needs not only the spirituality as above, but also demands positive attitude while the supernatural incident happens. Without the proactive approach, the supernatural reunion will not show the effects of mental healing. Third, in post-disaster recovery period, it is common to see people choose to return to the hometown that has been destroyed several times. There are several factors considered as the reason why people tend to go back home, such as the responsibility for the land, the tradition of living by the sea and the admiration of the sanctity of water. Also, the spirituality as above mentioned has strong connections between people and the land where they live at. It shows the fact of people believing that their spirit will stay at the homeland even after death, and the Japanese folklore studies indicate several similar outcomes in Iwaste prefecture. As a result, Japanese people in the north-eastern region show the consciousness of going back home, either they are alive or dead.