文社、同仁出版與馬華文學場域：以五月出版社、犀牛出版社、棕櫚出版社為例（1960-1980）

Abstract

1960 年代始，馬華文學場域出現了前所未有的嶄新氣象。彼時正是「馬華現代主義文學」的濫觴，一群青年作家以群體勢力崛起，他們共組文社、出版社，建構起一個新的美學位置，藉著現代文學的出版與傳播，逐步撼動馬華文學場域的固有結構。本研究欲處理的，即是 1960 至 1980 年，文社與出版社對馬華文學場域的介入，及其對場域結構、文學生產型態、文學版圖所帶來的變動。在眾多活躍於這二十年的文社與出版社之中，本研究將五月出版社、犀牛出版社及棕櫚出版社並置討論，除了因三者活躍時間與性質相近外，亦因三者成員的文學交流相當緊密。這三家出版社皆與其時《蕉風》、《學生周報》所開拓的現代主義文學場域息息相關；他們代表了三組不同據點、文類、風格的文人群體。本研究欲指出五月、犀牛、棕櫚，三組文人群體如何藉著三批現代文學叢書的出版擴張馬華文學版圖，闡明他們如何成為「馬華現代主義文學史」上不容小覷的三組勢力。 本研究不僅關注個別出版社的代表性作家作品，亦嘗試以文學社會學和布迪厄（Pierre Bourdieu）的場域理論（Field）為思考基礎，將文學作品與作家群體視為一互相牽動的網絡，透過了解各家出版社的成立動機、營運模式、人員匯集情形等，指出三組文人群體於 1960-1980 年馬華文學場域的佔位。首先，以「現代文學實驗室」自居的新加坡五月出版社，在牧羚奴（陳瑞獻）的引領下，掀起了馬華現代主義文學運動。本研究發現五月出版品，如牧羚奴的《巨人》、英培安《手術檯上》、賀蘭寧《天朗》等，不僅展示了「六八世代」詩人群體的現代性關懷，亦為我們勾勒出 1960年代末至 1970 年代新馬文壇的寫作氛圍與文學生態。檳城的犀牛出版社則展示了一群年輕文友的青春書寫，其中包括李有成《鳥及其他》、梅淑貞《梅詩集》早期超前的現代主義詩歌表現，麥秀《再見斑馬線》、雅波《崩》充滿社會關懷的小說，合集《犀牛散文選》亦可見犀牛作者群的交際網絡，展現了 1960 年代初北馬海天社所帶動的地方文藝風氣。此外，位於吉打的棕櫚出版社，同樣繼承了海天社的現代文學精神，棕櫚七子在各自的作品中呈現了他們對現代主義的認知，小說如《溫祥英短篇》、《宋子衡短篇》、《暮色中》可見《蕉風》編者黃崖的現代小說觀之影響，而《冰谷散文》、《艾文詩》則見青年作者的文學試驗與個人風格之養成。綜觀這三家出版社的代表性作品，即可知這批新青年在文學革新運動上的位置與角色，這將有助於我們釐清五月、犀牛、棕櫚出版社於馬華文學史上的定位。

Since the 1960s, a group of young writers came together to form literary societies and indie publishers, gradually altering the inherent structure of the Chinese Malaysian literary field through the publication and dissemination of modern literature. This thesis discusses the intervention of these literary societies and indie publishers in the Chinese Malaysian literary field, as well as the changes they brought to the field's structure, patterns of literary production, and literary landscape. Among the numerous active literary societies and indie publishers during this period, this study specifically focuses on May Publisher, Badak (Xiniu) Publisher, and Palas (Zonglü) Publisher. In fact, these three publishers are all closely associated with the modern literary field pioneered by "Chao Foon" and "Student Weekly" at that time. They represent three different groups of literati with distinct positions, literary genres, and styles. This study aims to illustrate how May, Badak and Palas as three groups of literati, expanded the Chinese Malaysian literary landscape through the publication of three sets of modern literary collections, thereby highlighting their significant roles in the history of "Chinese Malaysian Modern Literature." This study will focus on the representative works of individual authors published by each publishers, such as Mu Lingnu, Ying Peian, He Lanning from May Publisher; Li Youcheng, Mei Shuzhen, Mai Xiu, Ya Bo from Badak Publisher; and Song Ziheng, Wen Xiangying, Ju Fan, Bing Gu, and Ai Wen from Palas Publisher. By closely reading these representative works, we can observe the diverse interpretations of modernism among this group of young writers. Additionally, this research attempts to utilize literary sociology and Pierre Bourdieu's field theory as a conceptual framework, exploring the motivations behind the establishment of each publishers, their operational models, and the gathering of personnel. Ultimately, the study aims to clarify the positioning of May, Badak and Palas Publishers in the history of Chinese Malaysian literature.