植物工廠淨零轉型之經濟可行性個案研究

Abstract

自從工業革命以來，全球的溫室氣體在過去幾十年中持續增加，主要原因是人口增加、經濟發展和能源需求增加導致，尤其在先進國家現象越明顯。隨著氣候變遷與減緩溫室效應，世界各國企業開始執行淨零轉型的策略，植物工廠的轉型開始受到重視。植物工廠透過設施內的環境控制如光源、溫溼度與養分等，使蔬菜進行計畫性的生產。依據生產方式可分為完全密閉型(完全人工光源)、日光利用型(太陽光利用型)、併用型(太陽光與人工光源型)。為維持廠內生長環境，需要大量的電力來維持廠內的植物所需的光源、溫溼度與層架控制系統，這樣造成高碳排放與高電力營運成本。本研究以完全密閉型植物工廠做為案例，透過訪談專家了解植物工廠淨零轉型目前狀況、競爭優勢與建議，分析臺灣植物工廠未來在淨零轉型下之可行性與發展路徑。 首先，利用再生能源能植物工廠雖能大幅降低成本與降低碳排量，但碳交易是否能作為植物工廠主要收入，仍需再進行評估。植物工廠二氧化碳吸收的定量方法論需要被確認，在碳盤查與碳權驗證前，企業必須思考碳額度是否夠多以及進行交易是否合乎成本。 其次，植物工廠收入來源主要是以蔬菜銷售為主，若能降低用電量，營運成本與碳排量也會隨著下降。本研究分別以節能減碳方案，使電費降低與裝置太陽能的情境下進行分析。另一方面也同時考慮若有碳權市場交易時的狀況，考慮每年碳驗證費用時的成本，建立節能減碳方案，分別計算淨現值與內部報酬率進行比較。分析結果顯示，百坪植物工廠若以蔬菜吸收二氧化碳量換算碳權交易年收入僅7,680元，因碳量過少造成收益不足作為主要收入。不過成本效益分析後發現，雖然裝置太陽能板投資方案的淨現值是負的，不過若加入每年碳驗證費用後，預期除了電費的減少還可以增加碳權收入，內部報酬率將由-2%提升至3%，可以幫助植物工廠接軌國際淨零轉型趨勢。

Since the industrial revolution, global greenhouse gases have continued to increase in the past few decades, mainly due to population growth, economic development and increased energy demand, especially in advanced countries. With climate change and mitigation of the greenhouse effect, companies around the world have begun to implement net-zero transformation strategies, and the transformation of plant factories has begun to receive attention. The plant factory controls the environment in the facility, such as light source, temperature and humidity, and nutrients, so that vegetables can be produced in a planned manner. According to the production method, it can be divided into completely enclosed type (completely artificial light source), sunlight utilization type (sunlight utilization type), and combined use type (sunlight and artificial light source type). In order to maintain the growing environment in the plant, a large amount of electricity is required to maintain the light source, temperature and humidity, and the shelf control system required by the plants in the plant, which results in high carbon emissions and high electricity operating costs. This study takes a fully enclosed plant factory as a case, through interviews with experts to understand the current status, competitive advantages and suggestions of the plant factory's net-zero transformation, and analyzes the feasibility and development path of Taiwan's plant factory under the net-zero transformation in the future. First of all, although the use of renewable energy to power plant factories can greatly reduce costs and carbon emissions, whether carbon trading can be used as the main income of plant factories still needs to be re-evaluated. The quantitative methodology of carbon dioxide absorption by plant factories needs to be confirmed. Before carbon inventory and carbon rights verification, enterprises must consider whether the carbon quota is sufficient and whether the transaction is cost-effective. Secondly, the main source of income for plant factories is the sale of vegetables. If electricity consumption can be reduced, operating costs and carbon emissions will also decrease. In this study, the energy-saving and carbon-reduction schemes are used to analyze the scenarios of reducing electricity bills and installing solar energy. On the other hand, it also considers the situation when there is a carbon rights market transaction, considers the cost of the annual carbon verification fee, establishes an energy-saving and carbon-reduction plan, and calculates the net present value and internal rate of return for comparison. The results of the analysis show that the annual carbon trading income of a 330 square meters plant factory is only 7,680 NT dollars if the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by vegetables is converted into carbon trading. After the cost-benefit analysis, it is found that the net present value of installing solar panels is negative. However, if the annual carbon verification fee is included, it is expected that in addition to the reduction in electricity costs, the income from carbon rights can also be increased, and the internal rate of return will increase from -2% to 3% which will be in line with the global net-zero trend.