中國大陸政府採購制度之研究：兼採新制度主義及法社會學觀點

Abstract

本文研究價值在於雖然通篇研究法律，但並不採取傳統法釋義學角度去分析，主要採取新制度主義及法社會學等二種研究途徑，針對中國政府採購制度之演進進行解釋、預測。 本文研究方法主要採取文獻分析法及比較研究法，主要著眼於中央頂層設計相關政府採購法規隨著時間遞嬗係如何依循「路徑依賴」發生種種改變，本文首先爬梳中國政府採購制度誕生前之政治、經濟背景，再將中國政府採購制度相關重要法規依出臺時間點，將其分為草創階段、發展階段及修正階段，將前開三階段視為「因變項」，同時將相對應之中國政治經濟體制、特定政治經濟環境及特定社會歷史環境，視為「自變項」，藉以從新制度主義視角解釋其路徑依賴及預測其未來發展趨勢與中國加入WTO《政府採購協定》之可能性。 研究結果部分，可以發現在每一個階段之制度變遷都為中國大陸政府採購市場帶來不同的利與弊，例如《招標投標法》和《政府採購法》帶來的利與弊；《招標投標法實施條例》和《政府採購法實施條例》帶來的利與弊；《中華人民共和國招標投標法（修訂草案公開徵求意見稿）》與《中華人民共和國政府採購法（修訂草案公開徵求意見稿）》帶來的利與弊，此外也發現中國大陸政府採購制度如何依循「路徑依賴」逐步進行變革，包含改革開放前的計劃經濟體制、改革開放後至中國大陸政府採購制度建立前、中國大陸政府採購制度草創階段、中國大陸政府採購制度發展階段、中國大陸政府採購制度修正階段等各階段的演進。

The research value of this paper lies in its utilization of non-traditional approaches, namely neo-institutionalism and legal sociology, to analyze the evolution of the Chinese government procurement system and provide interpretations and predictions. The research methodology employed in this paper primarily involves literature analysis and comparative studies. It focuses on how the relevant government procurement regulations at the central level have changed over time, following a "path dependence" pattern. The paper first examines the political and economic background prior to the establishment of the Chinese government procurement system and then categorizes the significant regulations into the stages of inception, development, and revision, considering these three stages as dependent variables. Simultaneously, it treats the corresponding Chinese political and economic system, specific political and economic environments, and specific social and historical contexts as independent variables. This approach aims to explain the path dependence from a neo-institutional perspective and predict future development trends and the potential for China to join the WTO Government Procurement Agreement (GPA). In the findings section, it is revealed that each stage of institutional change has brought both benefits and drawbacks to the government procurement market in mainland China. Examples include the pros and cons of the Tendering and Bidding Law and the Government Procurement Law, as well as the advantages and disadvantages associated with the Implementation Regulations of the Tendering and Bidding Law and the Implementation Regulations of the Government Procurement Law. Furthermore, the paper explores how the government procurement system in mainland China has gradually undergone transformation following a path dependence pattern, including the planned economic system before the reform and opening-up, the period between the reform and opening-up and the establishment of the government procurement system, the stage of the system's inception, the stage of its development, and the stage of revision.