戰後臺灣「半山」的角色、興衰與評價（1945-1990s）

Abstract

「半山」是指一群在臺灣日治時期前往中國，到了戰後返回臺灣並親近國民黨政權的臺灣人。由於半山具有「中國經驗」，因此深受國民黨統治者的眷顧，長期取得了本土臺灣人難以比擬的黨政資源與權位，在許多政治異議人士眼中，他們是國民黨政府的「協力者」。本文的研究目的即是嘗試去釐清半山在臺灣戰後時期扮演的角色，以及他們在政壇的興衰過程與評價演變。 本文研究發現，雖然半山在戰後初期因為憑藉中國經驗取得政經地位、附和臺人奴化論、協助政府干涉選舉、收編本土勢力等因素遭致民間反感，但仍有部分當權半山能夠遊走在官民之間，並取得了民間的認可。可惜的是，他們批評政府的做法並不見容於統治者，於是紛紛遭到了清算，此後半山群體之中便難以再有人能夠成功扮演官民橋樑的角色。到了二二八事件期間，半山扮演的角色極為複雜，無論是「協助政府鎮壓」或「聲援民間」的案例均有之，但多數半山仍是以第三方自居，在事件中扮演著「居中調解者」或試圖「追求左右逢源」。二二八事件的悲劇，導致國民黨政權與臺灣本土精英之間產生了鴻溝，因此黨政關係良好的半山便成為了國民黨優先提拔的臺籍對象，長期在政壇佔有保留給臺灣人出任的重要職位，直至1970年代外交衝擊事件的發生，新興本土派政治人物才逐漸取代了他們的地位。不過，由於謝東閔、陳守山等特例的存在，半山掌權的時代實際上延續到了1990年代才宣告終結。雖然不少當權半山在戒嚴時期憑藉著自身的影響力，取得了一定民意的支持，但由於他們在政壇扮演著「臺灣人樣板」的角色，並且在國際上替國民黨的對臺政策背書，同時協助政府赴海外遊說臺獨勢力，因此民間評價大致呈現「褒貶不一」的情形。此外，李萬居在二二八事件後因為逐漸向民間靠攏，並多次衝撞戒嚴體制的緣故，成功博得了民間的讚賞，成為了唯一在戒嚴時期民間評價「趨於正面」的特殊半山案例。

"Half-Mountain" refers to a group of Taiwanese people who resided in China during the period of Japanese rule in Taiwan and later returned to Taiwan after World War II, aligning themselves with the Kuomintang (KMT) regime. Due to their "China experience," Half-Mountain received favor from the ruling KMT and gained political resources and positions that were difficult for local Taiwanese to obtain. In the eyes of many Taiwanese political dissenters, they were seen as "collaborators" of the KMT government. The purpose of this study is to attempt to clarify the role played by Half-Mountain during the post-war period in Taiwan and to examine their rise and fall, as well as the evolution of their evaluation. This study found that although the Half-Mountain group faced public discontent in the early post-war period due to their political and economic position acquired through their China experience, echoing the official discourse of “Taiwanese were enslaved by Japanese”, assisting the government interference in elections, and co-opting of local forces, but there were still some members of the Half-Mountain who be able to navigate between the government and the public, while also gained recognition from the general population. Unfortunately, these Half-Mountain's criticism of the government's actions was not tolerated by the ruling authorities, and as a result, they were subjected to a purge. Since then, it has become difficult for anyone within the half mountain group to successfully play the role of a bridge between the government and the public. During the 228 Incident, the role played by the Half-Mountain group became extremely complex. They were involved in both "assisting the government in suppressing" and "supporting the civil society." However, the majority of the Half-Mountain group positioned themselves as third parties, playing the role of "mediators" or attempting to "have a foot in both camps" during the incident. The tragedy of the 228 Incident resulted in a deep divide between the KMT regime and the Taiwanese local elites. As a result, the Half-Mountain group, which had maintained a good relationship with the KMT, became the preferred choice for the KMT to promote among the Taiwanese. They were given important positions in the political arena that were reserved for native Taiwanese, maintaining a stronghold until the occurrence of diplomatic crises in the 1970s. It was during this time that emerging local faction politicians gradually replaced them in their positions. However, due to the existence of special cases such as Hsieh Tung-min（謝東閔） and Chen Shoushan（陳守山）, the era of Half-Mountain's dominance actually continued until the early 1990s before coming to an end. Although many members of the Half-Mountain gained a certain level of public support during the martial law period due to their influence, their role as the "Taiwanese role model" in the political arena, endorsement of the Kuomintang's Taiwan policy on the international stage, and their assistance in government lobbying against Taiwan independence forces overseas led to mixed evaluations from the public. In addition, due to Lee Wan-chu（李萬居）'s gradual alignment with the civil society and his repeated challenges to the martial law system following the 228 Incident, he successfully earned the admiration of the public, making him the only unique case within the Half-Mountain group that received predominantly positive evaluations from the public during the martial law period.