從集體優越到個體迷茫？瀋陽市鐵西工業區空間重構與工人情感政治

Abstract

本研究探討在改革開放的背景下，瀋陽市鐵西工業區的城市空間重構與工人主體性的關係。作者採用檔案文獻、深度訪談，以及通俗文化產品為研究素材，嘗試結合都市文化治理（cultural governance）、情感結構（structures of feeling）和情感的文化研究（cultural politics of emotion）的理論觀點，發展出情感政治概念來深化後工業城市文化再生研究，藉此補充過去遭忽視的主體性議題。 瀋陽市鐵西區曾是中國最大的綜合型機械製造工業區，1930年代在日本的殖民規劃下建立，1950年代計劃經濟時期迅速成為全國的工業重鎮。1980年代，由於不適應市場化改革，鐵西區工廠大規模破產，導致大量工人下崗。在瀋陽市政府於2002開始為期十年的工業區改造後，如今鐵西區殘留的工業遺址則被再開發成為博物館和文化創意園區。從1980年代的衰退到2000年代的徹底更新，長達20年的城市變動完全改變國有企業職工的生產與生活，此前被視為理所當然的單位福利制度、計劃經濟的生產勞動，以及被國有企業結構起來的城市空間，在遭受市場化改革的挑戰後，才漸漸成為國有企業職工情感結構的具體內涵。 本研究發現，改革開放後，地方政府主導的土地開放翻轉了社會主義工業城市形態，改變了原以「單位制」工廠和大院組織起來的均值城市分區。一方面，計劃經濟時期的工業產業、生產空間和職工群體已經在後工業城市的轉型中被邊緣化，但是訴諸「集體優越」的意識形態，卻藉由官方治理下的標本化保存重新成為工業遺址中的情感想像。另一方面，職工子弟不滿於國有企業職工群體被收編於主流話語之中，便透過藝文創作凸顯工人群體如何被符號化且邊緣化為「個體迷茫」的生命經驗。本研究主張，在去工業化、土地再開發、官方文化再現及民間藝文敘事的交錯下，地方政府和民間對國有企業職工經驗的再現呈現為情感的權力爭奪，體現出後工業城市社會主體的重塑。工人主體在複雜的情感爭奪裡，展現出現行國家治理的弔詭狀態：新時代中，看似國有企業職工的經驗和文化已然被邊緣化，但卻依然佔據著新城市發展想像的中心。

This study expound the relationship between urban reconstruction and workers' subjectivity in the Tiexi industrial district of Shenyang in the context of gaigekaifang. The perspectives of cultural governance, structures of feeling and cultural politics of emotion develop the concept of politics of feeling to deepen the study of cultural regeneration of post-industrial city, thereby complementing the previously neglected issue of subjectivity. Tiexi District used to be the largest industrial district in China, established in the 1930s under Japanese colonial planning, and quickly became the industrial capital of China during the planned economy in the 1950s. After the Shenyang government began a ten-year transformation of Tiexi in 2002, the industrial heritage in Tiexi are now being redeveloped into museums and cultural and creative industries. From 1980s to 2000s, urban transformation has completely changed the life of workers. The danwei system, factory labor in the planned economy, and the urban structure under danwei system have only gradually become the workers' structures of feeling. The article shows, after the gaigekaifang, local government-led land liberalisation transformed the socialist industrial city. Industrial production and workers in the planned economy have been marginalised in the spatial transformation of the post-industrial city, but the ideology of 'collective superiority', has been projected into the industrial heritage. On the other hand, the next generation of workers aren’t satisfied with the guoyouqiye workers is included in the goverment discourse. Through artistic creation, they highlight how workers is symbolized and marginalized as 'individual confusion' after the gaigekaifang. This research argues that, under the interlacing of deindustrialization, land redevelopment and cultural reappearance, the contradiction between the guoyouqiye worker’s representation by the local government and civil society presents a politics of feeling, reflecting the reshape of social subjects in post-industrial cities. it shows the paradox of the governance: in the new era, it seems that the culture of the guoyouqiye workers have been marginalized, but they still occupy the center of the new urban development imagination.