科系工作連結與個人適配對薪資的影響

Abstract

畢業生從科系轉換到工作時，有兩個重要的層面會影響他們的薪資。在結構層面，當就讀科系愈具專業性，科系與工作之間的關聯程度越高，會產生較強的「科系工作連結」，與較好的薪資報酬。在個人層面，畢業生可以選擇進入與其專業相符的「個人適配」職業與產業達成學以致用；或進入與畢業科系較不相關的工作，造成學非所用，而導致較差的薪資報酬。然而「科系工作連結」與「個人適配」並非是各自獨立運作的，兩變項之間會產生交互作用，造成不同情形的薪資變化。 本研究使用行政院主計處人力運用調查2013至2020資料，以經歷過高等教育擴張的年輕族群為主，分析科系工作連結與個人適配如何對薪資造成影響。並區分不同的學歷，以探討不同階段的薪資報酬的變化。本研究使用Diprete等人（2017）的相互信息指數計算與量化科系工作連結，使科系之間可以進行分析比較。個人適配的測量則使用Bol等人（2019）的界定方法，相較於過去研究常使用的受訪者自評和專家標準，可以更客觀的評估畢業生的個人適配與不適配的情形。研究結果發現，在專科與大學階段，科系工作連結與個人適配的交互作用呈現正向顯著。顯示就讀科系工作連結較強的科系，畢業生工作適配與不適配之間會有較大的薪資差距。在專科畢業生中，從科系工作連結較強的科系畢業，卻進入不適配的工作，可能會被評定為專業技能不足者。比起科系工作連結較弱且同樣進入不適配的工作的同儕，會有更低的薪資。本研究結果呼應既有文獻，科系工作連結與個人適配的交互作用對薪資有所影響，並指出該影響會隨著學歷的不同而有所變化。在政策方面，依據研究結果建議，科系工作連結較弱之科系在制定教學內容與指引時，可以給予學生更多跨領域與產業相關的學習經驗以彌補其弱勢。

There are two important dimensions that field of study can affect salary of graduates when they transit from school to work. From a structure perspective, a stronger linkage between field of study and labor market is positively associated with return to education. From an individual perspective, graduates might choose to work in job which match with their field of study or which does not match. Those who work in the mismatch occupation or industry often bear a wage penalty. Furthermore, effects of “field-to-job linkage” and “job (mis)match” may not be independent, interaction exist between these two variables across different level of education. This study used data from 2013-2020 Manpower Utilization Survey to analyze the effect of field of study on earning. Focusing on young people who had experienced higher education expansion, I analyze how linkages and job (mis)match affect salary. Using mutual information index by Diprete et al. (2017), this study compared linkages to labor market across different fields of study. Using measure of job (mis)match suggested by Bol et al. (2019), this study can more objectively evaluate match and mismatch, compared with the self-report and subjective expert judgement often used in past studies. Results show that both linkage to labor market and job match are positively associated with higher wage, and the effect were moderated by the level of education. More specifically, salary difference between match and mismatch will larger for those who graduated from field of study with stronger linkage to the labor market. Among those with lower than college degree, those who graduated field of study with higher linkages but work in mismatch job, will be paid less than their peers who also enter mismatch jobs but from field of study with weaker linkages. The results were consistent with existing literature on the effect of interaction between linkage and match on wages. At policy level, when designing courses, field of study with lower linkages can provide students with more interdisciplinary learning and industry experiences to make up for their weaknesses.