再探花蓮花岡山遺址之甕棺葬

Abstract

臺灣新石器時代中晚期遺址之中，可見以陶器為葬具的甕棺葬，其中又以新石器時代晚期臺灣西南部與東部的案例為多。自日治時期學者的調查以來，大型甕棺葬便為花蓮花岡山遺址的特色之一，迄今也累積了20座以上的甕棺出土紀錄。 本文以2016年老人會館地點，以及2018年花崗街地點的部分甕棺葬發掘、整理成果為基礎，綜合日治時期以降的研究成果，再次檢視花岡山遺址新石器時代晚期甕棺葬的內涵。 因目前出土資料仍少見人骨遺骸及陪葬品，本文著重於甕棺葬最明顯的特徵——作為葬具的陶甕，透過陶器性質的觀察、比較，討論這些陶甕在遺址中的定位。無論此類陶器是否為專製的葬具，製陶技術或陶甕成品應為當時社會中既有的東西，也反映社會中應已有一套既定模式來因應墓葬活動。在陶器之外，也加上甕棺葬的其他面向，如埋藏狀態與擺置形式等，討論甕棺葬對於花岡山遺址人群的意義。歸納、比較之後的成果顯示花岡山遺址甕棺葬模式具有一致性，而個別案例之間具差異性，以此狀況來看，甕棺葬應為花岡山遺址中普遍的葬式，此結論也符合歷年來學者對於花岡山遺址的認識。 另一方面，東（北）部其他史前遺址中也可見以大型陶容器作為葬具的甕棺葬，部分案例與花岡山遺址極為類似，部分則略有異同。目前臺灣對於甕棺葬的討論大多侷限於單一遺址內，故本文以花岡山遺址的成果為基礎，進一步與東部新石器時代晚期其他遺址之甕棺葬比較，藉著甕棺葬之異同，討論這些遺址與花岡山遺址人群之間可能的關係為何。

“Jar Burial”, the custom that use pottery as burial containers, can be found in some Middle-Late Neolithic sites in Taiwan, especially in Late Neolithic Eastern and Southwestern Taiwan. More than 20 jar burials have been found since the survey and excavation in 1929 in Huakangshan site, and jar burials have become one of the characteristics of this site. This thesis aims to revisit the jar burial study in Huakangshan site by analyzing the archaeological data from the excavation in 2016 and 2018, and the previous jar burial studies. Because there are few cases that held human remains and grave goods, this thesis would focus on the burial jars, and attempts to develop further inference by observing and analyzing the pottery. Whether the burial jars were specially made for funerary use or not, the jar and the manufacture would not be separated from other spheres of life. It also reveals that there are a series of manners for mortuary practices which have already existed in the society for a long time. Besides the pottery study, the other aspects of jar burials are included in the discussion. The result reveals that there is a general pattern of the jar burial in this site while remaining some differences in each case, and it also asserts that the jar burial might be the general burial custom in this site. Jar burials can be found as well as in other sites in Eastern/ Northeastern Taiwan, and some of them are similar to the cases in Huakangshan site. The major study of jar burials focuses on the single site. Thus, this thesis attempt to provide some inter-site pictures within this area through the comparison between the jar burials in Huakangshan site and in other sites in Eastern Taiwan.