「ちゃんと」與「きちんと」的比較分析 --從「他動性」之觀點--

Abstract

本論文旨在利用「他動性」闡述日語類義副詞「Tyanto」以及「Kitinto」之差異性。在過往的研究中，有從「意志性」之觀點分析兩副詞之動向，亦有從兩副詞的語意用法間的差異性之觀點去分析兩副詞不同之動向，但不論是何種觀點，都並未完全闡明兩副詞本質上的差異。 透過「他動性」之觀點以及其構成要素「參與者」「變化」「意志性」三者去分析兩副詞的文法性質以及語意機能所得結果可簡單歸納如下： 在文法性質方面：透過「參與者」「變化」「意志性」三個觀點之觀察，可以發現「Tyanto」容易被用於低他動性表現之性質；而透過「參與者」以及「意志性」兩觀點觀察，可以發現「Kitinto」容易被用於高他動性的性質，透過「變化」之觀點，則會發現「Kitinto」易被用於低他動性之表現，但和高他動性表現共同使用的情形也有不低的比例。 在語意機能方面：「Tyanto」的語意解釋與「意志性」具有關聯性，「Tyanto」和「無意志」的表現共同使用時，著重描述事實的成立面，而有「事實確實成立」「事實成立的方式合乎理想」「事物的性質合乎理想」的三個語意用法；「Tyanto」和「有意志」的表現共同使用時，則著重描述動作的進行面，而有「動作確實進行」「動作進行的方式合乎理想」的兩個語意用法。另一方面，「Kitinto」的語意解釋與「意志性」和「變化」具有關聯性，「Kitinto」和「無意志」且「無變化」的表現共同使用時，表示「主體合乎禮節」，和「有意志」且「無變化」的表現共同使用時，表示「動作進行的方式正確無誤」；而和「無意志」且「有變化」的表現共同使用，或是和「有意志」且「有變化」的表現共同使用時，皆表示「對象整齊有序」。

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the similarities and differences between synonymous adverbs in Japanese, ‘Tyanto’ and ‘Kitinto’, through the observation of ‘Transitivity’. In the past, these two adverbs have been discussed in terms of ‘Volitionality’, and the differences between their semantic usages have also been investigated. However, those discussions have not pointed out the similarities and the differences which are relative to their central properties. By analyzing these two adverbs in terms of three components of Transitivity: ’Participants’, ’Affectedness of O’, and ’Volitionality’, we can conclude that these two adverbs have grammatical properties and semantic properties described below. In the view of grammar, ‘Tyanto’ tends to be used with expressions which are low in Transitivity in terms of the three components mentioned above. On the other hand, ‘Kitinto’ tends to be used with expressions which are high in Transitivity in terms of ‘Participants’ and ‘Volitionality’, and slightly tends to be used with expressions which are low in Transitivity in terms of ‘Affectedness of O’. In the view of semantic usages, the explanation of ‘Tyanto’ is influenced by Volitionality. When ’Tyanto’ is used with expressions low in Volitionality, it will express the facet of occurring of a fact, which is capable of expressing ‘the actuality of the fact’, ‘the preferability of the fact’, or the ‘fine quality’. When ‘Tyanto’ is used with expressions high in Volitionality, it will express the facet of the execution of an action, which is capable of expressing ‘the actuality of the action’ or ’the preferability of the action’. On the other hand, the explanation of ‘Kitinto’ is influenced by Volitionality and Affectedness of O. When ‘Kitinto’ is used with expression low in Volitionality and without Affectedness of O, it will express ‘the politeness of the Agent’, and when ‘Kitinto’ is used with expression high in Volitionality but without Affectedness of O, it will express ‘accuracy of the action’. On the contrary, when ‘Kitinto’ is used with expression low in Volitionality but with high Affectedness of O or expression high in Volitionality and high Affectedness of O, ’Kitinto’ expresses ‘the orderliness of O’.