克里米亞主權爭端所涉自決權國際法議題

Abstract

2013~14年的烏克蘭動盪使已經穩定十幾年的俄烏關係生變，而隨之而來的2014年克里米亞爭端更直接引爆了俄烏衝突。原屬烏克蘭的克里米亞透過先獨立後公投的程序加入俄羅斯，儘管烏克蘭表達強烈抗議，國際社會亦先後祭出不同手段制裁俄羅斯，克里米亞至今仍由俄羅斯實質統治。 克里米亞氣候宜人、物產豐饒，自古以來始終是黑海北岸重要的人類聚落，從石器時代就有人居。自羅馬帝國分裂，在上古時代原先由希臘人與希臘化文明統治的克里米亞受到來自北方大草原的影響越來越重，最終在14世紀由蒙古後裔克里米亞韃靼人建立克里米亞汗國，而克里米亞也得名自蒙古語的堡壘一詞。雖然克里米亞長久以來都附庸或臣服於他國，但仍能維持一定的獨立性，直到18世紀末期成為俄羅斯帝國的一部分，並在俄羅斯的統治下逐漸俄化，克里米亞韃靼人逐漸喪失半島上的主要民族地位。而蘇聯領導人史達林更發動大清洗使克里米亞韃靼人被流放至蘇聯的其他地區，使克里米亞成為俄羅斯人的克里米亞。1954年在蘇共總書記赫魯雪夫的指導下，克里米亞被從俄羅斯轉移為烏克蘭，當年蘇聯內部基於友好與慶祝的舉動，在蘇聯解體後成為克里米亞主權爭端的導火線。 1991年蘇聯解體，以俄羅斯人為絕對多數的克里米亞並不想成為烏克蘭 之一部分，在當年曾主張獨立，也曾經為俄羅斯和烏克蘭間重要的主權爭端地，然而千禧年後，克里米亞為烏克蘭之一部為國際社會所公認，俄羅斯亦未反對，且以克里米亞為烏克蘭所有之前提與烏克蘭進行互動。直到2013~14烏克蘭動亂時，親俄克里米亞人民深感自己在烏克蘭境內維持的獨立自主可能被烏克蘭國內的反俄主流剝奪，在2014年2月底至3月中，非常快速的宣布獨立後舉行公投，並以高投票率與高贊成率通過加入俄羅斯。 克里米亞的舉動至今未獲國際承認，其行為亦難以以現有之國際法理論進行合理化解釋。自決理論發展至今，要脫離於母國的適用狀況僅用於遭受人道危機之地區，也就是所謂的救濟性分離。自決的精神主要體現在內部自決，當內部自決無法繼續時，才能行使外部自決。然而克里米亞並未符合國際所肯認為已經失去內部自決的狀況，故難以論述其行為為合理行使外部自決的狀況。 自決歷經超過一世紀之思想發展與國際社會實踐，已經成為一確定國際法上權利，任何人民都得享有之，只是就其如何行使，行使之效果等，仍各有所論，具體是否合法，目前也仍賴國際社會對各該個案所做出的反應，而無一全方位普遍適用之通則可言。而克里米亞目前之狀況，既未獲得國際社會肯認，以往例觀之亦很難論述其有充分合法性，因此克里米亞法理上仍為烏克蘭之領土，俄羅斯為非法佔據。

The 2013~2014 Ukraine crisis made the relationship between Ukraine and Russia soured; the 2014 Crimea crisis made the conflict serious. Crimea which was part of Ukraine declare independence, then held a referendum to join Russia. Though Ukraine protested and the international community imposing sanctions to Russia, Crimea is still ruled and dominate by Russia until today. Crimea is a climate comforting land, it is rich and fertile, made the peninsula an important human settlement of the northern coast of the Black Sea since the stone age. Crimea was a Hellenistic colony in the classical antiquity, and was ruled by different regimes. After the fall of Rome, Crimea gets more and more affects from the north, at last in the end of 14th century, the Mongolian descendants—the Crimean Tatars founded the Crimean Khanate. The name Crimea was given by the Mongolians, which means stronghold or fortress in Mongolian. Although Crimea has long been a Vassal state of other regimes, it can still maintain a certain degree of independence until it became a part of the Russian Empire at the end of the 18th Century. Crimea were Russified under Russian rule, Crimean Tartars Lost the main national status on the peninsula. The Soviet leader Stalin launched a great purge to exile the Crimean Tatars to other parts of the Soviet Union, making Crimea the Crimea of the Russians. In 1954, under the guidance of the Khrushchev, Crimea was transferred from Russia to Ukraine. The actions of friendship and celebration became the fuse of the Crimean sovereignty dispute after the collapse of the Soviet Union. In 1991, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, with a majority of Russians, Crimea did not want to become a part of Ukraine. It had declared independence and was once an important sovereignty dispute between Russia and Ukraine. However, after the millennium, it is recognized by the international community that Crimea is part of Ukraine, and Russia did not oppose it, even more, it has diplomatic acts with Ukraine base on the fact that Crimea is part of Ukraine. The Ukraine crisis happened in 2013-14 made the Russian majority Crimea felt that the independence they maintained under Ukraine ruling might be threatened by the anti-Russian Ukrainian, which has been the majority of the other part of Ukraine. In the spring of 2014, Crimea declared their independence then held a referendum to join Russia. Crimea’s actions have not yet been recognized by the international community, and its actions cannot be rationalized with the modern international law. the external self-determination cannot be used under this case. The secession from a Sovereign state can only be used in areas suffering from humanitarian crises, which is so-called Remedial Secession. The spirit of self-determination is mainly reflected in internal self-determination. When the status of internal self-determination cannot maintain, external self-determination can be exercised. However, Crimea does not conform to the situation that the international community believes that it has lost Internal self-determination, so it is difficult to argue that its behavior is a reasonable exercise of external self-determination. The theory of self-determination has been discussed and practice by the international community over a century. It has become a solid right under international law, and all people have that right, though there are different opinions on how to exercise it, the effect of exercise it. The legality of an act of self- determination still depends on the response of the international community to each individual case, and there are no general rules to examine and to judge it. The current situation of Crimea’s secession has not been recognized by the international community, and it is difficult to say that it can be legal due to the conventions and cases in the past. Therefore, Crimea is still territory of Ukraine, the Russian occupation is illegally.