明末女將沈雲英的留名與塑造

Abstract

相較於貞節烈女、才女的研究，在軍事上具優異表現的從軍女性較少受到關注。在傳統中國男外女內的理想性別關係中，女性涉獵軍事事務並取得領導權，甚至獲得朝廷封賞，可謂是對既定性別規範的顛覆。本文選擇明代唯一受封「將軍」的女性沈雲英作為研究主體，除了因為其曾獲封將軍名號，且關於明代從軍女性的專論性研究，過去較側重於四川石砫女土司秦良玉，沈雲英往往成為論者附帶一提的案例而已，專門研究較為稀缺。 本研究旨在以明末女將沈雲英作為研究主體，思考促使她留名於史的運作機制，及其形象如何隨著時間的推移產生變化，進而分析書寫者針對沈雲英，在墓誌銘標題、族譜編纂等不同於一般女性的處理方式，並輔以其他從軍女性的相關書寫，思考書寫者在記述這類特殊女性時所顯現的性別意涵。 沈雲英的留名青史，受惠於清初文人毛奇齡所撰墓誌銘與傳記。在毛奇齡的書寫基礎下，關於沈雲英的記述自清初至民國初年的報刊，甚至到1970年代臺灣國中國文教科書中，均可見相關的傳記、戲曲、詩詞等。在這些看似內容大同小異的文本中，沈雲英的形象隨著書寫者創作動機、所處時代氛圍的差異，實有從「貞孝」轉而強調「忠節」的趨勢。這些對沈雲英的書寫當中，絕大多數均出自於男性之手，可進一步探討其中的性別意涵。 本文發現，毛奇齡所撰沈雲英的墓誌銘、傳記，於標題、姓名書寫方式上均不符合一般女性的通則，另沈雲英族人所編族譜亦破例將她列入世系表當中，使她得以被彰顯作為一名從軍女性的主體與特殊性。然而，男性文人筆下的沈雲英，最終並未僅以「從軍」一面受到褒揚，其作為「女性」的特質在傳記、戲曲等文本中仍依稀可見，因此，雖然沈雲英的忠節隨著時間推移而有所強化，但書寫者們仍不忘肯定她為女之孝、為妻之貞節，進而將其塑造為一名恪守儒家道德、忠孝節貞俱備的完德之人。

Compared to studies concerning chaste women or talented women, women who exhibited exceptional military service have received far less attention. Within Chinese prescribed gender roles that dictate the relationships between males and females, women who were involved in military affairs and held leadership roles, even at times receiving imperial rewards, all demonstrate women’s subversion. This thesis focuses on Shen Yunying 沈雲英, not merely due to her being the only woman to be granted the title of general in the Ming dynasty, but because related research on the monographs of military women during the Ming place importance on Qin Liangyu 秦良玉, a female warrior and tusi 土司 in Shizhu 石砫. Shen Yunying is a peripheral case study rather than the subject of such scholarship. Stated simply, this dearth of research on Shen Yunying piqued the author’s interest. The purpose of this study is to consider which operational mechanisms have prompted Shen Yunying to have her place in the history, or liuming 留名, and how her image has changed over time. Following, the author analyzes how writers employed Shen Yunying by examining the titles of epitaph as well as how the compilations of genealogy differed from those of ordinary women. Additionally, this thesis further supplements other writings on military women during the Ming-Qing transition, discerning implications regarding gender that writers exhibited while describing these women. Shen Yunying has her place in history in large part thanks to the writings of Mao Qiling 毛奇齡, a literatus in the early-Qing dynasty who penned both the epitaph and biography of Shen Yunying. Based on Mao Qiling’s writings, other works on Shen Yunying, including biographies, opera and poetry, can be found from the early-Qing dynasty into the early Republic of China, and her name even appears in textbooks from the 1970s in Taiwan and China. Among the texts which are similar in regards to content, the image of Shen Yunying has shifted from one of chastity and filial piety, zhen xiao 貞孝, to loyalty, zhong jie 忠節, dependent on the writers’ motives and the contexts of the times. Also, the majority of these works on Shen Yunying were authored by male writers, and thus, one is able to further explore the implications of gender in these texts. This thesis has discovered that the epitaph and biography of Shen Yunying written by Mao Qiling did not conform to the general rules of writings on women in terms of title and naming. Moreover, the clansmen of Shen made an exception by listing Shen Yunying in the lineage when compiling their genealogy. These two different writings have demonstrated Shen Yunying as both a subject and a particularity being a military woman. However, these male writers praised Shen not only for her “military capability,” but also for her “female” characteristics, which can be seen most prominently in biographies and opera pieces. Although the portrayal of Shen Yunying’s loyalty had been strengthened over time, writers did not fail to confirm her piety as a daughter and her chastity as a wife, and thus, shaped her as a person who had adhered to Confucian morality by her exhibiting of loyalty, piety and chastity.