韓非「法」規範思想研究——歷史性考察

Abstract

中國先秦時代思想中，諸子百家的思想內涵有著跟倫理學相關的部分。現代研究者肯定此價值，關於先秦思想的倫理學研究已經有巨大成果，例如以「聖人」為典範，或以「德性」為研究核心。在中華文化圈涵蓋範圍內的人皆看重中國哲學中的「聖人」和「德性」，從此產生出來中國哲學研究與西方的差異點，就是缺少普遍性的社會規範之探討。在西方倫理學的發展過程當中，社會規範常被強調，是因為這規範可以直接成為法學、社會學等其他學問之基礎。相反地，雖然中國哲學著作中也具有一些規範之論述，但是中國哲學並未直接促成這些學問的發展。先秦諸子思想中談論過社會規範的代表範例是《韓非子》。筆者在本文使用西方哲學的社會規範概念來解析《韓非子》思想。本文所說的社會規範涉及倫理規範及「法」規範，透過社會規範概念分析來考察《韓非子》文本及觀察中國先秦思想中社會規範之形成，進而探究《韓非子》與諸子思想的聯繫。 為了此研究目標，筆者首先將釐清哲學中的「規範」概念，且考察現代中國規範倫理學研究的動態，接著釐清《韓非子》思想，先論述其思想背景，之後以其中的重要概念進行分析；本文將會考察《韓非子》「法」概念的規範性。最後將《韓非子》思想與其他荀子、商鞅、申不害、慎到思想進行比較，以呈現韓非子「法」規範性之整體面貌。

In the thought of the pre-Qin period in China, most of the philosophers’ ideas had related to ethics. Modern researchers affirm that there were this kind of ethical discourses. The ethical research on the pre-Qin period has already produced great results, such as the ‘sage’ as a ideal model of human beings, or the ‘virtue’. People within the scope of the Chinese cultural circle value the ‘sage’ and ‘virtue’ in Chinese philosophy. From this aspect, we can find a difference between Chinese philosophy and the West, which is the lack of universal social norms. In the development of Western ethics, social norms are often emphasized because this norm can directly become the basis of other scholarships such as law and sociology. On the contrary, although there are some normative statements in Chinese philosophical works, Chinese philosophy does not directly contribute to the development of normative ideas or theories. But, there is a representative example of normative theory is the pre-Qin philosophers is Han Fei. In this paper, I will uses the concept of social norms of Western philosophy to analyze the Han Feizi thought. The social norms mentioned in this paper involve ethical norms and legal norms. we can consider the texts of Hanfeizi as a part of formation of social norms in pre-Qin normative theory, through the analysis of social norms, then the connection between Han Fei and the thoughts of the philosophers is explored. For the purpose of this research, I will first clarify the concept of 'normative' in Chinese and western philosophy, and examine the idea unit of Chinese normative ethics, and then clarify the ‘Hanfeizi’ thought first analyze its background. and then analyze it with important concepts. And then the Han Fei’s thought is compared with other thinkers, such as Xunzi, Shang Yang, Shen Buhai, Shen Dao. Through this processes, this article will examine the normative nature of the concept of ‘fa’ in ‘Hanfeizi’.