溫度和氮肥劑量對六種百香果類植物生長與葉片機能性成分之影響

Abstract

隨著現代科技發達，生活步調緊湊，隨之產生許多壓力來源，導致人們容易身心疲憊、心情焦慮，嚴重則可能得到憂鬱症。百香果(Passion fruit)是著名熱帶水果，盛行於全球，其葉片具有抗憂鬱和抗氧化之機能性成分。本研擬探討季節、溫度及氮肥劑量對六種百香果類生長與葉片機能性成分之影響。首先六種百香果類從頂端至基部調查每節葉片之葉綠素計讀值(Chlorophyll meter reading, CMR, SPAD-value)和葉面積瞭解其成熟度。結果顯示，在最大葉面積節位方面，大型葉片百香果(大果西番蓮、黃色百香果及台農一號)介於第10至11節，小型葉片百香果(野西番蓮與三角葉西番蓮)為第7至9節；最高SPAD值部分，在大型葉片百香果為第13至16節，小型葉片百香果則位於第14至19節。然而毛西番蓮最大葉面積節位和最高SPAD值節位分別於第19和25節位；此資料可作為未來目標機能性成分試驗之分級標準。 調查夏季和春季之生長狀況。結果顯示，所有參試植物於夏季下生長勢較佳。從總葒草素含量(Total content of orientin)評估，建議大果西番蓮(19.00 μg)、黃色百香果(202.55 μg)、台農一號(127.88 μg)及毛西番蓮(11.04 μg)均於夏季較佳，野西番蓮(46.02 μg)和三角葉西番蓮(47.80 μg)則為春季較佳。在單片葉片內葒草素含量(A leaf of orientin content)表現量較佳之葉齡，大果西番蓮、黃色百香果、台農一號及三角葉西番蓮為基部，野西番蓮與毛西番蓮於中段和基部。在溫度試驗方面，種植於20/15、25/20、30/25及35/30℃。結果顯示，所有參試植株之生長性狀會隨著溫度增高，有助於六種百香果之生長，以高溫35/30℃時生長狀態皆良好。能獲得較大產值和單片葉片內葒草素含量之較佳溫度和葉齡，大果西番蓮(1.71 μg)和黃色百香果(36.64 μg)於30/25℃的中段，台農一號在35/30℃的中段(3.18 μg)和基部(3.44 μg)，野西番蓮(0.37 μg)為35/30℃的中段，毛西番蓮(1.18 μg)的中段與三角葉西番蓮(0.38 μg)的基部則為25/20℃溫度。 最後探討氮肥劑量7.14、10.71、14.28及17.85 mM對六種百香果生長與葉片內機能性成分之影響。結果顯示，由植株生長狀況如藤蔓長、葉片數、葉間期、地上部鮮重等生長性狀，均會隨著氮肥劑量增加而呈現上升趨勢，在17.85 mM氮處理生長表現最佳。由葉片乾重、總酚類含量及葒草素含量的表現得知，大果西番蓮(2.05 μg)、黃色百香果(0.19 μg)及毛西番蓮(0.93 μg)以施用10.71 mM氮肥劑量的頂部節位葉片；台農一號(6.21 μg)、野西番蓮(2.82 μg)及三角葉西番蓮(1.09 μg)以17.85 mM處理的中段葉片，均能促進百香果葉片之產量，且有助於提升單片葉片內葒草素機能性成分的表現量。 栽培季節、溫度及施肥管理皆會影響六種百香果類之生長與葉內機能性成分，藉由相關試驗建立符合栽培品質之適當栽培條件，期能提升百香果葉片機能性成分至最佳產值。

Modern and busy life induce a lot of pressure and stress resulted in physical and mental tired out, anxiety, even serve depression. Passion fruit is the famous tropical fruit, the leaves of Passiflora plants contain anti-depressant and anti-anxiety efficacy of functional ingredients. This study was to test the effects of season, day/night temperature, and nitrogen dosage on the growth and functional compounds of six passion fruit leaves. First, the leaf chlorophyll meter reading (SPAD value) and the leaf area at each nodes were measured from the top to the base. This study explored the relationship between the growthtraits of leaves and plant maturity in 6 species of passion fruit. The results showed that in the large-leaf species, such as P. quadrangularis, P. edulis fo. flavicarpa, and Tainong No.1, the largest leaf area have been measured at the 10th node to the 11th node；the small-leaf species, such as P. incarnate and P. suberosa, the largest leaf area were measured the 7th node to the 9th node. The highest SPAD value in the large-leaf species have been measured the 13th node to the 16th node； the small-leaf species were measured the 14th node to the 19th node. However, the largest leaf area and the highest SPAD value of P. foetida were measured in the 19th and 25th node, respectively. The results could be used as a leaf maturity classifying criterion for passion fruits in the following functional ingredients tests. Investigate all plants were grown in summer and spring. The results All the tested plants grew better during the summer. Assessing total content of orientin, it was recommended that P. quadrangularis (19.00 μg), P. edulis fo. flavicarpa (202.55 μg), Tainong No.1 (127.88 μg), and P. foetida (11.04 μg) were both in summer, then P. incarnate (46.02 μg) and P. suberosa (47.80 μg) were in spring. In the single leaf of orientin content performance better of leaf age, such as P. quadrangularis, P. edulis fo. flavicarpa, Tainong No.1, and P. suberosa were at the base, P. incarnate and P. suberosa were at the middle and top. In the day/night temperature test, The result The growth traits of all tested plants were increase with temperature, could promote to the growth of six passion fruit. The growth state was good at the 35/30°C. Better temperature and leaf age for obtaining higher yields and a leaf of orientin content, P. quadrangularis (1.71 μg) and P. edulis fo. flavicarpa (36.64 μg) leaves were at the middle in 30/25°C. Tainong No.1 leaves was at the middle (3.18 μg) and base (3.44 μg) in 35/30°C. P. incarnate (0.37 μg) leaves was at the middle in 35/30°C. P. foetida (1.18 μg) and P. suberosa (0.38 μg) were at 25/20℃, when leaves at the middle and base, respectively. Finally, the effects of applying nitrogen dosage on the growth and functional ingredients of six passion fruit, were applied to 7.14, 10.71, 14.28, and 17.85 mM nitrogen concentrations. The result that the growth traits such as vine growth, number of leaves, plastochron, and fresh shoot weight, etc. both were show an upward trend with increasing nitrogen concentration. Better growth performance at 17.85 mM nitrogen concentration. With leaves of dry weight leaves, total phenols content and orientin content, the nitrogen concentration of 10.71 mM for the top leaves in P. quadrangularis (2.05 μg), P. edulis fo. flavicarpa (0.19 μg), and P. foetida (0.93 μg), and then the middle leaves at 17.85 mM nitrogen concentration in Tainong No.1 (6.21 μg), P. incarnate (2.82 μg), and P. suberosa (1.09 μg). The above result could promote the yield of passion fruit leaves and increase single leaf of orientin content. Changing the cultivation season, day/night temperature, and nitrogen dosage may affect the growth and internal functional components of six passion fruit. The relevant experiment will help to establish the optimum cultivation conditions to correspond the cultivation goal and increase the functional composition of passion fruit leaves to the best value.