建立景觀生態規劃原則應用模式之研究

Abstract

過去多以農業生產的角度進行農業區的環境規劃，但以高強度的操作方式提升農業產量的同時，也損失了原來棲息於農地及附近環境之生物多樣性。隨著永續的議題盛行，過去有許多研究關於農業景觀結構變化與生物多樣性關係的研究，然而景觀規劃上需考量整體生態系統，在目前研究缺乏整合的情況下，相關的研究結果難以應用於實際的規劃設計中。因此本研究欲探討農業景觀中景觀結構變化如何影響生物，並整合與歸納相關研究結果以提出農業景觀規劃設計之建議。 本研究以內容分析法彙整60篇從2007年到2016年之期刊文章，以探討鄉村地區農業景觀與動物物種關係之研究為主軸；內容先以作物類型區分為五大農業景觀類別，分別為果園、穀類作物、花田、牧草地與混合農業，再區分六類自然景觀元素，分別為森林、樹籬、草生地、開花植物、水與整體半自然環境，來探討景觀元素結構上組成與配置對生物多樣性的影響。 研究結果發現農業景觀中最常被討論的是農地與自然、半自然環境的邊緣地帶，不論是草生帶、野花帶或是樹籬、森林等有喬木結構的邊緣皆對生物有顯著效益。另外，森林面積大小為次多被討論的變項，其他為不同景觀元素之面積、各元素之間的連接度，以及植栽之物種豐富度等等。討論的物種主要有授粉昆蟲、天敵、小型哺乳類、鳥類與無尾目動物等。 台灣地形、氣候與物種品種等條件與回顧研究不盡然相同，此為回顧之研究結果於台灣農業景觀使用上之限制，而部分台灣相關研究也支持相同概念，如邊緣環境之植栽覆蓋、半自然環境面積等因素之重要性，本研究結果仍具有高度參考價值。

Rural area has often been planned with the purpose of achieving for the maximum yield quantity with intensive agricultural management; however, this may result in detrition of biodiversity in the agroecosystem. With the concept of sustainability, there’re more focus on the value of nature. Although there are plenty of articles discussing the relationship between the agricultural landscape structure and biodiversity, we still lack of the synthesis of these researches. This is the fundamental point of research, which we discuss how the structure of landscape elements affect wildlife in the agricultural landscape, and list the planning and design criteria by synthesizing the results as scientific knowledge. These criteria can be used when planning a holistic and ecological plan. We synthesized 60 studies published between 2007 and 2016, the articles were divided into five groups according to the crop type, including orchard, cereals, flowers, grasslands and the mixed agriculture. Then, divided each group into several groups by the natural elements of landscape further, there were forest, hedgerows, grasslands, flowers, water and semi-natural mosaic environment. The frequent discussed fauna species are pollinators, natural enemies, small mammals, avian species and anuran species. The edge areas in every type is significantly associated with the wildlife, the forest area is the second most discussed factor, the other factors are area of other land cover types, connectivity between patches, species richness of the vegetation, etc.