地景變遷對生態系統服務影響之研究

Abstract

生態系統提供人們許多福祉，然而人類驅動的土地利用變化通常會對生物多樣性和生態系統服務供應造成巨大威脅。為了重要生態系統服務的永續維持，有效的土地利用管理是必須的。本研究使用CLUE模型預測土地利用/覆蓋的變遷，並利用景觀指數量化土地利用組成與配置。最後使用空間顯式模型InVEST估算不同管理情境下生態系統服務的總量以及空間分佈。過去許多研究討論整合生態系統服務於保育規劃的概念，然而由於理論和執行的落差，很少研究將生態系統服務保護區的概念實際執行。本研究目的為整合生態系統服務的觀念於景觀規劃，提供未來景觀規劃以及政策制定的新方法。本研究以五堵集水區為案例研究。基於CLUE模擬，本研究預測在2008年之後森林面積減少以及都市用地增加。Patch Analyst模擬結果顯示森林的平均嵌塊體面積和散置並列指數在模擬期間變小，顯示棲地的破碎化。由於都市面積增加，InVEST模擬結果顯示碳儲存、棲地品質、營養物留存以及土壤留存的生態系統服務價值正逐漸減低。水量供給是該研究區唯一沒有減少的生態系統服務。該研究並使用InVEST模擬在兩個土地利用情境下的生態系統服務:一個情境有生態系統服務保護區而另外一個情境沒有。和沒有設置生態系統服務保護區的情境相比，包含生態系統服務保護區的情境具有較高的棲地品質以及營養物留存、較低的土壤留存以及同樣的碳儲存以及水量供給的生態系統服務。

Ecosystem provides a wide range of benefits to people; however, human-driven changes in land use typically resulted in large threats on biodiversity and ecosystem service supply. For sustaining the provision of vital ecosystem services, efficient land use management is necessary. The study used CLUE model to predict the changes of land use/land cover, then using landscape metrics to quantify land composition and configuration. Finally, InVEST, a spatial explicit model, was applied to estimate the amount and spatial patterns of ecosystem services under different land use/ land cover planning scenarios. The concept of integrating ecosystem services into conservation planning has been discussed in many studies; however, few previous studies put the concept of ecosystem service protected area into practice due to the gap between theory and practice. The aim of the study is to integrate the concept of ecosystem services in landscape planning, providing a new approach on future landscape management and related policy making. The study took Wutu watershed as case study. Based on CLUE modeling, the study estimated that there was decrease in the area of forest and increase in the area of urbanized land use after 2008. Patch Analyst modeling results show that the mean patch sizes and Interspersion and Juxtaposition Index of forest decreased in simulation period, meaning the fragmentation and uneven distribution of the habitats. InVEST simulation results show that annual value of carbon storage, habitat quality, nutrient retention, and soil retention decreased in the study area due to the increase of urban areas. Water yield is the only ecosystem service that not decreased in the study area. The study also applied InVEST to two land use scenarios: one with ecosystem service protected area and the other one without ecosystem service protected area. Compared with the scenario without protected area, the scenario involving ecosystem service protected area had higher ecosystem service values of habitat quality, nitrogen retention and phosphorus retention, lower values of soil retention, and same values of carbon storage and water yield.