跨國企業供應鏈的人權責任——以母公司與發包公司為中心

Abstract

跨國企業的供應鏈不僅可能影響到幾乎所有國際公認的權利，甚至會構成對人權的嚴重侵害。台灣在全球供應鏈的中端擔任要角，因此具有人權侵害的加害國家與受害国家的雙重身份。我國目前尚無供應鏈人權責任監管法規，但聯合國與世界主要國家已對企業供應鏈人權責任監管進行了立法與司法探索。跨國企業供應鏈人權責任的監管面臨三重難題：與法人格獨立制度的潛在衝突、關於國家域外監管正當性的爭議，以及全球化背景下法規範的典範變遷。本文透過對國際規範及世界主要國家之法規的縱向觀察與橫向觀察，檢視化解監管難題的方法。縱向觀察以聯合國2011年「工商業與人權指導原則」為中心；橫向觀察的對象，為歐洲、北美和大洋洲各國供應鏈人權責任的相關法規。透過縱向觀察與橫向觀察，本文認為，作為注意義務的人權盡責能夠在不否認法人格獨立的前提下，實現跨國企業對供應鏈不利人權影響承擔法律責任；且跨國企業母國及供應鏈發包國採行域外監管措施，不僅不會侵害地主國的主權，還能夠促進國際人權法之核心目標。以縱向觀察與橫向觀察的結果為基礎，本文展望了供應鏈人權責任在國際層面的公約化發展。對於跨國企業供應鏈人權責任議題，國際法和國內法已呈現出共進的趨勢；監管法規的未來發展，仍需要國際法與國內法的配合。2014年，聯合國開啟工商業與人權公約的草案擬訂歷程。本文以憲法的碎片化現象及國際法與國內法的共進趨勢為背景，對公約化的策略進行思考，並認為公約可納入供應鏈人權盡責條款與國家域外監管義務條款，為締約國監管供應鏈人權責任提供指引。

Multinational Enterprises’ supply chain may not only impact virtually all internationally recognized rights, but also inflict severe harms upon human rights. As a key mid-stream participant to the global supply chain, Taiwan is the home state to both perpetrators and victims of human rights violations. While Taiwan currently has no regulation on supply chain human rights responsibility, the United Nations and leading countries of the world have made legislative and judicial efforts in this respect. Legal regulation of multinational enterprises’ supply chain human rights responsibility faces three obstacles: potential conflict with the separate legal entity principle, legality of extraterritorial regulation, and paradigm shifts in law making and functioning caused by globalization. This thesis attempts to resolve these obstacles through vertical and horizontal observation of existing regulatory measures at international and domestic levels. Vertical observation focuses on the 2011 United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, while horizontal observation looks at the legislative and judicial developments in Europe, North America and Australia. On basis of the vertical and horizontal observation, this thesis argues that as a duty of care, human rights due diligence could hold a multinational enterprise responsible for adverse human rights impacts caused by its supply chain, without denying the separate legal status of the entities involved. Meanwhile, extraterritorial regulatory measures taken by the multinational enterprise’s home state not only constitute no infringement upon the host state’s sovereignty, but promote the core purposes of international human rights law. Building on these findings, this thesis explores the formulation of a legally binding international instrument on supply chain human rights responsibility. International and domestic laws in this field have demonstrated a tendency of co-development. Future regulation will continue to require cooperation of laws at both international and domestic levels. In 2014, the United Nations adopted a resolution to initiate the drafting process of an international convention on business and human rights. Against the backdrop of the constitutional fragmentation phenomenon and the co-development tendency of international and domestic laws, this thesis considers the strategical choice for drafting the convention, and proposes that the convention include provisions on supply chain human rights due diligence and states’ extraterritorial regulation obligations, so as to provide guidance for its state parties.