中國的國家與社會關係研究：國家權力與NGO自主性的分析

Abstract

中國經濟社會迅速擴張的三十年中，留下了許多「政府失靈」的空間來讓非政府組織填補，也連帶使得中國的市民社會與非政府組織的相關研究逐漸增加。而在「國家與社會關係」的相關研究中，以Gerhard Lehmbruch的「多元主義─統合主義光譜」分析為主流，也影響學界對中國國家與社會關係的分析框架。本文透過「質性資料分析」對來分析中、西學界對中國國家社會的相關研究，佐以訪談資料，在既有的光譜分析架構下建立「國家權力 v.s. NGO自主性論述定位圖」新模式，取代既有的光譜分析架構，了解中、西研究觀點歧異，以及學界研究與實務運作的期待落差。 本文得到的結論是：中國政府的NGO政策仍然保守，學界與實務界運作對NGO自主性的認知仍相對開放；西方學界相對於中國學界的觀點，則允許國家權力的收縮，而非中國學者對於國家權力維持強大有較一致的論述。最後從政治文化的觀點來看，若中國政府在不同的階段開放NGO的自主性，則能期待中國的國家與社會關係走向國家統合主義、新統合主義、甚至是多元主義的結構。

During the thirty years of China’s rapid expansion in economy and society, gaps left in “Governmental Failure” process and was filled by non-governmental organizations. Meanwhile, relative studies about “Civil Society” and “NGO” grew in these years, especially the issue of “The Relationship between State and Society”. In this researching field, the theory of “Pluralism-Corporatism spectrum” by Gerhard Lehmbruch is the mainstream, which has influenced the analytical framework of such issue. Instead of that, I propose a new analytical framework: “discourse-oriented figure” to analyze China’s state-society relation. In this thesis, published study results both in and abroad on State and Society in China are analyzed by qualitative data analyses, together with first-hand interview examples. Besides, a new analysis framework of “orientation between state power and NGO autonomy” is established to help being aware of the opinion differences and expectation drop between research and practice. Conclusions as following: China’s NGO policies are conservative whereas Chinese scholars’ researches remain optimistic. On the other hand, western scholars have more diversity in their perspectives of state power than Chinese scholars’. Finally, China’s state-society structure will transform to different ideal type, depending on which stages the government likely to release state power in the NGO autonomy open-up process.