「闢佛」與「合儒」之間：清初天主教士人張星曜的思想歷程

Abstract

本文藉由對清初天主教士人張星曜（1633-1715後）早期「闢佛」論述的分析，探究其思想轉向「合儒」的歷程，以及入教士人與清初思想之間的可能關聯。明清之際的中國社會雖然動盪不安，在思想上卻表現出多元的樣貌，明季進入中國的天主教亦參與其中。傳教士將西學帶到中國，與儒、釋、道進行交流、辯論與融合，不只影響明末清初思想的發展，亦吸引不少儒家士人改宗天主教。到了清初，因傳教士人力缺乏，中國教徒成為支撐天主教社群的關鍵，入教士人亦有活躍的表現，張星曜正是其中之一，然而目前對張星曜等清初入教士人的深入研究尚不充足。既往研究者傾向關注張星曜在身分認同張力下形成「合儒」思想的結果，卻較為忽略其從「闢佛」發展到「合儒」的過程。本文首先梳理張星曜所處的清初社會與思想之發展，接著對其兩本「闢佛」著作《〈闢畧說〉條駁》與《歷代通鑑紀事本末補後編》進行分析，探究張星曜早期「闢佛」論述所呈現出的思想樣貌與其背後的清初脈絡。最後透過與張星曜「合儒」論述的比較，重構其思想從「闢佛」朝向「合儒」發展的傾向，釐清背後清初脈絡的影響，藉以呈現張星曜在長時間信仰歷程中思想世界的發展與轉變。

By analyzing the Confucian-Catholic scholar Zhang Xingyao’s (1633-after 1715) discourse of Buddhism refutation in his early religious life, this thesis aims to illustrate the process of Zhang’s thoughts changing from “pi fo” (refuting Buddhism) to “he ru” (accommodating Confucianism), and to find the possible connections between the Confucian-Catholic scholars and the thoughts in early Qing. Although the Chinese society was in turmoil during the Ming-Qing transition, thoughts never ceased to diversify, and Catholicism, which came to China in middle Ming, also contributed to it. Western learning, which missionaries brought to China, interacted with Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism with a series of exchange, debates, and convergences; as a result, it influenced the evolution of thoughts during the Ming-Qing transition and caused some Confucian scholars to convert to Catholicism. Because of the shortage of missionaries in the early Qing, Chinese Catholics became more important for the Catholic society, and Confucian-Catholic scholars also became more active. Zhang was one of these scholars; however, the research on them can be more detailed. The research on Zhang so far largely focuses on his conclusion of concordance between Confucianism and Catholicism, which was the result of the tension of the identity problem, rather than the process of his thought changing from criticism of Buddhism. This thesis discusses the context of the evolution of the society and thoughts in the early Qing, and then focuses on Zhang’s two writings about criticism of Buddhism, Pi Lüe Shuo Tiao Bo and Li Dai Tong Jian Ji Shi Ben Mo Bu Hou Bian, in order to explore Zhang’s thoughts and the context of the early Qing in his early discourses of Buddhism refutation. Finally, through the reconstruction of Zhang’s thoughts shifting from “pi fo” to “he ru” in the context of the early Qing, this thesis concludes the evolution of Zhang’s thoughts in his path of faith through his entire life.