知識分子的人際關係與政治選擇──以胡適為中心（1917-1924）

Abstract

本文以人際關係的視角切入，結合數位人文中的「社會網絡分析」（social network analysis）與史料質性討論，關注胡適返國初期的政治選擇。 透過社會網絡分析，可發現胡適人際交流之新陳代謝與其政治參與的積極度習習相關。本文藉由過往較少關注之《胡適許怡蓀通信集》指出胡適早年的交友狀態是中國、日本、美國三地經營，其中中國、日本兩地的友群日後合流，這批「志同道合」的友群成為胡適返國後迅速融入知識圈的基礎。 其後，胡適人群組成有所變化，大量政治人物──特別是研究系成員，開始進入胡適的交遊圈，並產生「跨派系」群聚論政的現象。「茶話會」是本階段一個重要的觀察例子，本文以此檢視人際關係如何促進思想流動及影響個人行為。並認為「茶話會」提供知識分子抽象的言論空間，進一步形成後續政治選擇。換言之，這是知識分子開創一獨立於政治力外的議政空間，而這一議政空間的形成實集合了傳統士大夫以天下為己任，以及西方民主傳統對於知識分子之期許兩種要素。 本研究同時挑戰「胡適派學人群」的觀察視角，說明以「自由主義」思想串聯人群的分類方式有其侷限性，此種分類忽略了和胡適「道不同仍相為謀」的政治夥伴。重新回到史料本身觀察人際關係連結，將有助於獲得更完整的歷史景象。同時藉由過往較少關注的《白堅武日記》，勾勒出環繞在李大釗、白堅武、胡適三人之間的政治思想活動。 總體而言，人際關係與政治選擇的連結雖然幽微，但是影響直接。私下的互動往往先行於公開的表態。許多檯面上的活動，可能都是層層人際關係角力後最終產出的結果。同時藉由人際關係互動，當時的知識人獲得了一種參與政治，散發影響力的管道。

The present thesis adopts an approach centered on interpersonal relationships that combines digital humanities, namely a “social network analysis,” with historical materials to investigate the political choices of Hu Shi during the period just following his return to China. Through this approach, we can discover that Hu Shi’s political participation and new developments in his interpersonal relationships are related to his active political participation. Concerning the first phase, the largely neglected Hu Shi Xu Yisun tongxin ji (Collection of Correspondence between Hu Shi and Xu Yisun) demonstrates the circle of Hu Shi’s friends in his adolescence included China, Japan, and the United States. Of these three, those from China and Japan would merge to form a group of “zhitong daohe” (“like-minded friends”)—the basis of Hu Shi’s integration into intellectual circles following his return. During the second stage, Hu Shi became an active participant within the political sphere and the composition of his social circle reflected as much, as he increasingly interacted with a large number of political figures, especially members of Yanjiu xi (the Research Group), all of which helped to produce “cross-factional” discussions on politics. This phenomenon is perhaps best exemplified by “chahuahui” (“meeting over tea,” or “tea parties” literally) of the time, which was a more tangible illustration of how interpersonal relationships promoted the flow of thought and ideas as well as influencing individual behavior. In other words, “tea parties” provided intellectuals with a space for abstract expressions of opinion and further formed later political choices. The formation of this political space, which fell outside of traditional political power structures, combined two elements: the belief that the “land under heaven” was the responsibility of traditional Chinese literati and the expectations of Western democratic tradition placed upon intellectuals. In addition, this research challenges and points out the limitations of the so-called “Hu Shi circle of intellectuals,” which attempts to classify its followers and the people around him through a shared “liberal” ideology. This classification, in reality, overlooks the political figures within Hu Shi’s social circle who maintained different systems of thought, and thus, a return to the historical materials to further examine his interpersonal connections is able to paint a more comprehensive historical scene. Generally speaking, the link between relationships and political choices is subtle, but also direct. Private interactions tend to precede public statements and many activities performed in the public eye are a result of the contestations taking place within interpersonal relationships. In this way, intellectuals of the time used their social networks as a channel to both participate in politics and spread influence.