寄居穴：深圳外來勞動者住房供給體制分析

Abstract

本文分析經濟轉制以及城鄉二元的制度脈絡，深圳快速的城市發展，短時間吸納大量湧入外來人口的居住機制，說明深圳的城市發展模式解決外來人口居住需求的特殊性，以理解深圳有別於產生貧民窟或住房不足的城市發展模式。 本研究首先從經濟發展模式、城市的外來人口治理策略，說明外來勞動者在城市被吸納到「工廠宿舍」，以及非正式的租房市場--「居民房」，包含大部分的外來勞動人口，一方面以宿舍勞動體制（Dormitory Labor Regime）的方式被納入企業的生產體制中，另一方面，外來勞動者被視為城市暫時停留的人口，排除在城市資源分配之外。勞動力被壓制的再生產成本，成為推動深圳城市發展及產業成長的動力之一。 本研究進一步以三個案例描述外來人口居住供給的型態，分別以「集中式的工廠宿舍」、「混合式工廠宿舍」與「城中村租賃房」說明（1）完全集中的勞動控制與居住關係（2）勞動控制對工作與居住的鬆綁（3）脫離勞動控制的租賃私房市場的居住模式。最後分析這三種模式，在社區中建立關係、產生停留的機會。

The rampant urban development in Shenzhen fosters a housing mechanism that is capable of absorbing massive migrants in a short period, which highlights the special urban development model of Shenzhen for resolving migrant demand for housing. This study analyzes the economic transformation and the urban-rural system of Shenzhen to better understand the urban development model of Shenzhen, and how this model is different from those of cities that produce slums or insufficient housing. This study first uses the perspectives of the economic development model and governance strategies for migrants to explain how most of the migrant labor force is resettled into “factory-owned dormitories” and the “rural housing” of the unofficial housing rental market. The migrant labor force, from one aspect, is incorporated into the production mechanism of companies via a dormitory labor regime; from another aspect, they are regarded as temporary population in the city and are excluded from urban resource distribution. The reproduction cost of a suppressed labor force becomes one source of momentum pushing urban development and industrial growth in Shenzhen. This study further uses three cases to explain the types of housing supply for migrants, which are “collective factory-owned dormitories,” “mixed factory-owned dormitories,” and “urban-village rental housing.” These three types of housing represent three different housing models, which are detailed as follows: (1) Collective factory-owned dormitories – totally collective labor control and residential relationship; (2) Mixed factory-owned dormitories – relaxed labor control over work and housing; (3) Urban-village rental housing – a private rental market detached from labor control. Finally, this study analyzes the three housing models, relationships established in communities, and opportunities for residence.