全球化，新全球治理與非正式住宅社區的參與式規劃：玻利維亞拉巴斯市的「真社區」方案

Abstract

發展中國家的都市擴張的特徵之一是非正式部門的快速生產。地方政府以及國際組織採取了許多的措施來提升低收入社區的的居住條件。而市民參與以及與社區為基礎的組織（CBOs）的合作則是鄰里改善計畫的關鍵。這個研究指出兩點：一方面，全球化，特別是在拉丁美洲國家，是都市不平等的主因。因為其經濟成長並不平均，並且忽視住宅發展政策的重要性。另一方面，全球化與去中心化與新都市治理的脈絡相關，同時新都市治理在政策執行上鼓勵積極的市民參與。 玻利維亞藉著引入社區組織的參與，在社區發展計畫上進行民眾參與。這個研究分析了參與式規劃在兩個層級上的結果以及障礙。在都市的層級，分析了拉巴斯市政府的政治管理。在社區的層次，則研究拉巴斯大規模的鄰里改善計畫「真社區計畫」。 「真社區計畫」的執行方式由上至下，它是由拉巴斯的市政府所領導，並由兩個國際組織，包括世界銀行以及中美洲發展銀行，進行財政援助。這個方案的目標是要提升民眾參與以及藉由這個過程讓非正式住宅社區的居民擁有他們住屋的土地所有權。研究選擇了兩個社區進行田野來呈現市民參與的面向。這兩個社區有著不同的成果以及面臨到不同的問題。最後一章從三個面向分析了這個差異：社區參與，政治衝突與領導權，以及社區與計畫案的執行成員的關係。

Urban expansion in developing countries was characterized by the massive production of informal settlements. Several measures have been taken by local governments and foreign entities to upgrade living conditions in low-income neighborhoods. Citizen participation and partnerships with community based associations (CBOs) appear as the key components for neighborhood improvement programs. This research argues that globalization on the one hand, is the major cause for urban inequality especially in Latin American countries, since its economic reforms did not considered evenhanded growth and deducted importance from housing development policies. On the other hand, globalization is considered the context for decentralization, devolution, privatization policies and new governance. New urban governance encourages participation active citizen participation in the elaboration of urban policies. Popular Participation in Bolivia brought in the scenery for municipal participatory planning, process that involves participation of neighborhood associations in the elaboration of municipal development plans. This research analyses the outcomes and obstacles of participatory planning in two levels. At municipal level, it analyzes political management of local governments. And, at community level, it studies a large-scale program of neighborhood improvement in La Paz, known as “True Neighborhoods Program” (Programa Barrios de Verdad). The program is a top-down initiative, launched by the local government of La Paz and financed by two international agencies, the World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank. This program aims to promote active citizen participation and regularize land tenure in one hundred informal settlements. Two neighborhoods (Marcelo Quiroga Santa Cruz and Alto Santiago Munaypata) were studied to illustrate citizen participation along the program. Both neighborhoods experienced different outcomes and obstacles. Differences are analyzed in the last chapter under three headings: community participation, political conflicts and leadership, and relationship between community and program’s staff.