貿易與權力：歐盟貿易政策的權力探討

Abstract

「權力」為國際關係的核心焦點，本研究以權力連結歐盟的經濟和政治議題，探討歐盟如何以貿易政策追求政治目的。目前學界對於歐盟的權力角色有眾多看法，本研究在探討歐盟的貿易政策之外，將同時回顧相關觀點，藉此分析歐盟在國際舞台上究竟扮演怎樣的權力角色。 國際關係的三種主流理論對於權力的關注點有所不同，本研究嘗試以三種國際關係理論的權力觀點來解釋歐盟的貿易政策。本研究以溫特的國際體系概念假設歐盟在國際上面對不同角色的對手，同時假設中國為歐盟的硬競爭者、美國為歐盟的軟競爭者、非加太國家為歐盟的追隨者。在與中國的互動議題上，本研究選擇歐中紡織品貿易爭端；在與美國的互動議題上，本研究選擇歐美生技產品貿易爭端；在與非加太國家的互動上，本研究則是檢視自歐洲統合以來，歐體�歐盟的非加太貿易政策之演進。 本研究分為八章。第一章陳述本研究研究動機及目的，同時界定本研究之研究範圍與限制，並且針對目前學界相關研究做一番回顧與探討。第二章闡敘權力在國際關係研究之中的重要性，並分析國際關係三種主流理論的權力觀點。第三章從歐盟的組織設計和決策程序著手，以分析歐盟在貿易政策上的獨立行為能力。第四、五、六章進入案例探討，分別研究歐中紡織品貿易爭端、歐美生技產品貿易爭端，以及歐體�歐盟的非加太貿易政策。第七章以國際關係三種主流理論之觀點分析歐盟的貿易政策與政治權力之間的關係。第八章為結論，對本研究做一整體性的回顧，並試圖分析歐盟究竟在國際舞台上扮演怎樣的權力角色。 本研究以新現實主義、新自由制度主義、社會建構主義三種國際關係主流理論為途徑，從歐盟的貿易政策切入，探討歐盟如何以貿易來發揮政治權力以及追求政治目的。本研究認為歐盟是以貿易政策做為權力施展途徑，使用貿易權力、規範性權力等非軍事權力，在新時代構築有別於傳統軍武權力的「知識權力」。

“Power” is the focus of International Relations. This thesis uses power to connect economic and political issues of European Union (the EU). This thesis discusses how EU uses trade policy to pursue political intention. About EU’s role in power, there are various opinions in academic circle. This thesis reviews related perspectives and examines what role EU plays in international stage. Three mainstreams of IR theories have various concerns of power. This thesis uses power perspectives of three IR theories to explain EU trade policy. This thesis utilizes Wendt's view of international system, assuming that EU is facing various counterparts. This thesis also assumes that China is the hard competitor of EU, US is the soft competitor, and ACP States are the followers of EU. In the relation with China, this thesis discusses EU-China textile trade dispute; in the relation with US, this thesis analyzes EU-US GMO trade dispute; and in the relation with ACP States, this thesis reviews the evolution of ACP policy of EC/EU since the integration of Europe. This thesis includes 8 chapters. Chapter one explains motives and purposes, defines range and restrictions of this research, and also reviews related studies. Chapter two discusses the importance of power in IR study, and analyses power perspectives of three mainstreams of IR theory. Chapter three demonstrates the independent capability of EU in trade policy by specifying the decision-making processes and the design of EU institutions. Chapter four, five, and six study EU-China textile trade dispute, EU-US GMO trade dispute, and EC/EU ACP policy individually. Chapter seven uses perspectives of three mainstreams to analyze the corelation between trade policy and political power of EU. Chapter eight is conclusion, reviewing this research thoroughly, and analyzing what role EU plays in international stage. This thesis uses Neorealism, Neoinstitutionalism, and Social Constructivism as approach, and EU trade policy as study objective, to discuss how EU uses trade policy to develop political power, and how EU utilizes trade policy to pursue political intention. This thesis concludes that EU establishes 'Knowledge Power' which is distinct from traditional military power, by using trade policy, trade power, normative power, and civilian power.