晚商第五期曆制研究

Abstract

自古至今，人類的生活作息時時刻刻都跳脫不出時間和空間的範圍，隨著演進，對於時間和季節必有一套通則及概念，曆法就是一套設定時間與日期的通則。商代是中國目前發現最早有大量文獻遺存的時代，當時已經是相當進步而有組織的社會，對於曆月安排亦有一定的習慣和措施，因此研究商代曆法是非常重要而有意義的。 雖然有規律的周祭制度從第二期開始，但在第五期的帝乙、帝辛時代，周祭系統才達到最嚴密、最規律的程度，因此本論文研究的範圍為晚商第五期。第一章「緒論」介紹目前研究概況、材料蒐集及研究方法。第二章「周祭研究」針對周祭一些重要的基本問題進行探討。第三章「周祭祀譜的復原」總共蒐集了上百版相關的甲骨、金文材料進行周祭祀譜的復原，先找出有年代、月份、干支及祀典資料的材料擬定祀譜的大框架，再將有月份和祀組資料排入各年代的祀譜中，從復原的過程中可看出當時的曆月情形和變化。 從祀譜我們可以得知，晚商曆法的制曆者對於日、月的運行長度具有某些概念，但主要還是依據目測，不能將殷代曆術看成很精確、嚴密，及一成不變的。同時，有些材料排不進帝乙、帝辛的祀譜中，暫置於待問中，留待日後更多出土材料的出現再繼續探討。

Since the aceint time humans’life always cannot flee the scope of the time and the spatial. Along with revolution, the humanity has the concept and the general rule regarding the time and the season.Shang dynasty of China is the earlist generation which is discovered the most massive literature remain at present. There is a progressive society at that time , so itis very important and meaningful to study about the calendar of Shang dynaty. Although orderly Zhou Ji system starts from the second issue, but in the fifth issue of emperor Di Yi, Emperor Di Xin time, the system becomes the most strictest rules. Therefore the present paper researchs scope for the late Shang fifth issue. The first chapter is about the introduction of present research survey, material collection and research technique. The second chapter offers a sacrifice to some important basic questions about Zhou Ji. Then the third chapter, I find many materials to restore the tabulation about Di Yi and Di Xin. I let the most important materials to be the construction, and put the secondary materals to the construction, then we can see the situation about the calendar system in the Fifth Period of Late Shan dynasty. We can know from the research the calendar system in the Fifth Period of Late Shang dynasty is not very strict, and it is more precise. There are some materials cannot put in the construciton of Di Yi or Di Xin, and I hope that we can continue to research them when people find more materals.