當「Ta’ay」遇上「記者」— 從多元文化觀點探討「paSta’ay」觀光化及其報導

Abstract

「尊重多元文化」近年來已成為國際公認的價值，台灣亦在相關法規、傳播政策設計上強調多元文化價值。本研究以賽夏族賽夏族「巴斯達隘」（paSta’ay）祭典作為案例，並根據Kincheloe與Steinberg提出的批判式多元文化論觀點，分析其祭典觀光化及新聞報導的問題。 綜觀過去原住民新聞報導的相關研究文獻，多探討新聞再現的問題，而缺乏從多元文化觀點進行更細緻的討論與檢視；多以文本分析探討新聞報導的問題，卻鮮少探討背後媒體、記者、祭典與行動者的互相建構關係，同時亦缺乏原住民族主體的真實聲音。 因此，本研究以Kincheloe與Steinberg提出的多元文化論五類型作為分析原住民新聞報導的架構，並以原住民文化中具獨特性的賽夏族「巴斯達隘」（paSta’ay）祭典為例，進一步探究：巴斯達隘歷年來的新聞報導中，是否呈現了多元文化觀點、呈現了何種的多元文化觀點、是否趨向「觀光式」的報導；並透過深度訪談的方式、以原民部落主體為出發，探討新聞文本背後的脈絡關係及媒體角色，以提供學術與實務上的建議。 研究發現，新聞媒體、記者與新聞報導仍缺乏批判式多元文化論揭櫫的「肯認族群差異」觀點與意識；此外，本研究進一步指出，談論多元文化主義，實應將討論焦點回到「原住民族主體」上。因此，本研究除以「批判式」多元文化論之「肯認差異」、重視弱勢權益的精神出發，更強調回歸「原民主體」、以部落主體意見作為檢視新聞再現的依據；最後，綜合多元文化觀點與部落觀點提出以「多元文化新聞學」為主的「原住民新聞報導原則」，期待新聞實務能正視原住民權益及處境、肯認族群差異，並積極地扮演媒體的「充權」角色，盡力揭開隱含在新聞事件表面背後的權力結構與不公不義，以發揮新聞媒體應有的正面功能。

In recent years, there has been an increasing attention on Multiculturalism. The principles of multiculturalism have been gradually integrated to various laws and communication policies in Taiwan. This paper takes the Ritual “paSta’ay” of the Saisiyat Tribe as an example to explore the issue of “ethnic (indigenous) tourism” and to analyze its news coverage in press based on Kincheloe and Steinberg discussion of the critical multiculturalist perspectives. Different from previous research which only focuses on the news representation of indigenous peoples based on the “textual analysis”, this research employs both the textual analysis and interviews to find out the interactive relationship between the new media, journalists, and indigenous peoples. The thesis finds that the news media, journalists, and news coverage mostly take a pluralist perspective oriented toward “ethnic tourism”, “entertainment” and “market-driven journalism”, and they lack a critical multiculturalist perspective to explore the power of dominant relationship in society. It is suggested that we should not ignore the “autonomy” and the “agency” of indigenous peoples when we talk about “Multiculturalism”and should pursue the justice and recognize the “difference” among different cultures. And we also need to establish a “principle of indigenous news coverage” by “Multicultural Journalism” (MJ) to empower indigenous peoples to change their disadvantaged situation and to express their opinions actively on media.