擁抱禪悟──晚明越中地區王學的思想與佛教信仰

Abstract

本文主旨在說明，越中地區的王學自明中葉以迄明末的發展中，逐漸接受佛教思想，並因此改變自身宗教態度和信仰活動的過程。首先，越中地區的陽明學由王陽明、王畿開創，接著由周汝登、陶望齡、陶奭齡接續。黃宗羲《明儒學案》將周、陶二人編入泰州學派，無論在師承、地域、思想上均有疑問，故本文對越中王學的歷史進行考察，以還回此一學術傳統的原貌。此外，越中地區是晚明佛教復興的重鎮，王學學者與佛教高僧頻繁交往、支持彼此活動，帶動了兼修王學和佛教的風氣。在哲學上，由於周、陶以降，越中學者持續闡發無善無惡說，使得陽明學和禪宗思想的著重點有所重疊，彼此的差異日益模糊，許多人開始相信雙方的宗旨是相同的。因此，陽明學哲學內部的發展和佛教復興的時代趨勢結合，促成一種複合式的思想系統和宗教實踐。陶望齡和陶奭齡是陽明學講會的主持者，也是篤信佛教的虔誠居士，他們的哲學思想、學佛歷程以及他們所建立的學術社群，具體呈現越中地區王學和佛教結合的時代風潮。最後，本文試圖從越中王學代表人物的佛教論述當中，考察其宗教觀念的轉變，說明當中所蘊含著的文化保守傾向與多元宗教參與的意義。

This dissertation aims to illustrate the history that Wang Yang-Ming School in Yue-Zhong area gradually accepted and then absorbed Buddhist philosophy, thereby changing its religious attitude and practice. Historically, the tradition of Wang Yang-Ming School in Yue-Zhong area was first established by Wang Yang-Ming and his disciple Wang Ji, and then it was inherited and further elaborated by Zhou Ru-Deng, Tao Wang-Ling and Tao Shi-Ling. In order to avoid the misunderstanding resulted from the problematic arrangement that Zhou and Tao brothers were placed by Huang Zong-Xi in Tai-Zhou School of Ming Ru Xue An, this study attempts to clarify the historical context of the academia in Yue-Zhong area, in which Zhou and Tao brothers played a significant role. In addition, Yue-Zhong was an area where the revival of late Ming Buddhism took place, which facilitated frequent interactions between scholars of Wang Yang-Ming School and Buddhist monks and also the practice of both Confucianism and Buddhism at the same time. Philosophically, since Zhou and Tao brothers continued to elaborate the doctrine of neither good nor evil, the focus of Wang Yang-Ming School overlapped with Zen Buddhism’s, blurring the distinction between Confucianism and Buddhism. Eventually, the evolvement of Wang Yang-Ming philosophy, therefore, made Buddhist philosophy and practice an integral part of itself. The Tao brothers, leaders of discussion gatherings in Yue-Zhong and also devoted laymen of Buddhism, whose philosophy, Buddhist faith and academic community exemplified this trend, represented the majority of scholars in Yue-Zhong area. Out of these influential figures and their discourse on Buddhism, this study attempts to reveal the transformation of religious attitude of Wang Yang-Ming School, the inclination of cultural conservatism and the meaning of multi-religious participation.