早年的蔣百里(1882-1922)

Abstract

蔣百里是近代中國軍事史上的重要人物。除了在軍事之外，蔣百里在文化、思想及政治方面亦多有論述及活動。考察蔣百里的思想和活動，有助於真切了解他的思想發展脈絡。過去學者在這個方面雖然已經有不少研究，但是史實敘述有錯誤，觀點也有值得商榷之處。本文重新梳理他晚清到民初時期的論述和活動，主要的論點有三：第一，關於蔣百里畢業於陸軍士官學校的年份，以及畢業時是否受到「日本天皇賜刀」一直處於眾說紛紜的狀態。本文考據文獻、檔案及史實，對此二問題提出考證及想法。第二，蔣百里曾多次運用新式傳播媒體發表其自身對於時局的看法，且兩度作為主編，與不同的群體前後共同編輯《浙江潮》以及《改造》兩種新式報刊，這是過去的研究多有提及但並未深入去探討的議題。本文嘗試透過留日學生群體以及梁啟超諸人與蔣百里之間的互動，結合蔣百里在《浙江潮》以及《改造》之中的論述，探索蔣百里針對此時期的問題做出哪些回應。第三，聯省自治是1920年代提出的政治改革方案，對於整個中國政局影響甚廣。對於聯省自治的討論更多的是在於究竟要中央集權或是聯邦制，亦或是兵權以及財權要如何劃分等問題。本文透過蔣百里的角度，指出除了上述問題外，討論應該回到自治的根本——人民的生活，這才是政治的根本以及初衷。

Besides his achievements in modern Chinese military history, Jiang Baili wrote about and participated many activities of culture, ideology and politics. This thesis examines Jiang’s writings and activities from the late Qing Dynasty to the early Republic of China to understand the developments of his thoughts. This thesis has three main points: First, there have been divergent opinions about the year when Jiang Baili graduated from the Imperial Japanese Army Academy and whether he received a “Jiang Baili was Awarded the sword by the Emperor of Japan” when he graduated. According to literature and archives, this thesis puts forward research and ideas on these two issues. Second, Jiang Baili has repeatedly used the journals and newspaper to express his own ideas on the current situation, and twice as the editor-in-chief, co-editing two paper, Zhejiang Chao and Kai-Tsao with different groups. This thesis attempts to explore Jiang Baili’s response to the problems of this period through the interactions between the group of students studying in Japan and Liang Qichao’s circle. Third, Jiang involved with the Federalist Movement, a political reform plan in the 1920s which had a wide impact on the entire Chinese political situation. The discussion of Federalist Movement was more about whether centralized or federalist government fit China more, and how to divide military and financial power. Recognizing the above-mentioned problems, Jiang Baili called for a return to the foundation of politics, the root of autonomy-the people’s life.