青少年前期兒童的同儕間接攻擊之受害經驗與反應評鑑

Abstract

本研究旨在探討處於發展轉型階段的青少年前期個體，受害於同儕間接攻擊的心痛感受與經驗，以及受害之後對於間接攻擊所涉及的社會訊息處理型態。研究一以550名六至八年級兒童為研究對象，並採用同儕評量法、自我報告法與社會訊息處理團體測量法進行施測。結果發現：一、整體言之，青少年前期的個體受害於操弄社會訊息時，所引發的心痛強度顯著高於操弄社會關係。此外，無論是受害於操弄社會關係或操弄社會訊息的間接攻擊，女生所感受到的心痛強度皆顯著高於男生。二、青少年前期之拒絕型兒童比歡迎型兒童，無論男女，均較常受害於同儕的間接攻擊。三、個體對於間接攻擊手段的反應評鑑具有性別與攻擊類型之交互作用效果。研究二再以797名的六至八年級個體為研究對象，所採用方法同於研究一。結果顯示：除了複製研究一的三個結果之外，本研究亦發現：個體對於間接攻擊手段的反應評鑑具有性別、社會適應類型與事件情境三者之交互作用效果。且「高攻擊高受害」兒童是所有社會適應類型兒童之中，最為偏好以間接攻擊策略來回應他人的間接傷害。最後，本研究從間接攻擊的向度概念、測量與發展議題，討論兩個研究結果之異同，及其理論與實務之意涵。

A new conceptual model is proposed in the present study to investigate preadolescents’ experience, emotions, and cognition of victimization by peer indirect aggression. In this model, two forms of social manipulation as vehicles of harm are specified, namely, social-relationship manipulation and social-information manipulation. In the present research, the validity of this model was investigated across two studies through (1) comparing between the perceived strength of harm of the two forms of indirect aggression, (2) testing how children’s peer status and gender is related to the victimization experience of indirect aggression, and (3) examining how children’s social adjustment status and gender is related to the response evaluation of indirect aggression. Data in both Study 1 and 2 was collected in two group sessions through peer nomination sociometrics, peer estimation technique, self-report, and standardized SIP activity-based procedure. A total of 550 sixth to eighth graders in Taiwan participated in Study 1. Results indicated that the strengths of harm after being attacked by manipulations of social-relationship and social-information varied as a function of gender. Besides, preadolescents felt significantly more painful after being attacked by peer manipulation of social-information than by that of social-relationship. In addition, across gender, rejected preadolescents were more frequently the targets of indirect aggression than were their popular counterparts. Boys evaluated manipulation of social-information as more effective than girls. By contrast, no gender difference was found in the response evaluation of the manipulation of social relationship. In Study 2, a total of 797 sixth to eighth graders were assessed the same way as in Study 1. All of the above findings of Study 1 were successfully replicated in Study 2. In addition, Study 2 also revealed that highly-aggressive/highly-victimized individuals were more likely to evaluate indirectly aggressive responses as effective ways to react back to peer’s indirect aggression. However, this main effect was qualified by the three-way interaction effect of gender, social adjustment status, and peer context. The above results were discussed in terms of the conceptual, measurement, and developmental issues about indirect aggression.