集會遊行的刑事責任與實質平等--解開集會自由的枷鎖

Abstract

集會遊行刑事責任的實質平等問題，尤其是不法性的階層，向來未受到注意。偵查、審判等刑事程序的實質平等，也僅有部分在實質有效辯護等議題上討論。因此，本文主要著重將實質平等的想法，與現行刑事司法結合。首先，本文論述刑法和實質平等表現自由的相容性。也就是表現自由是否為刑法保護的範圍。其次，本文分析集會遊行法中公法概念如何影響刑法適用。例如：事前限制與程序保障，或是積極、保護義務，或是提供集會場地等問題。進而討論國家未履行前述義務時，刑事責任的判斷。接著，就刑事司法實踐結果，闡述弱勢者承受訴訟不利風險的現狀。進而凸顯在刑事程序中，不平等的現狀。就實體法部分，聚焦在不法性階層，探討實質平等應該如何適用。最後，就現行集會遊行相關的刑法規範，提出犯罪成立的標準。同時，提出立法論的批判；並就現行法分析，提出合理處罰範圍的解釋策略。

The issue of substantive equality in criminal liability of demonstration, especially on the level of illegality (Tatbestandsmäßigkeit, Rechtswidrigkeit), has long been ignored. Substantive equality in criminal procedure is only mentioned when discussing effective assistance of counsel. Therefore, the main purpose of this thesis is to combine substantive equality with criminal justice. Firstly, this thesis examines compatibility of Criminal Law with freedom of speech and assembly. Secondly, this thesis explores whether the application of Public Law has impact on the application of Criminal Law in Assembly and Parade Act, such as prior restraint, procedural safeguard, positive obligation, protection obligation and providing adequate places for assembly. Moreover, this thesis discusses the results if the state failed to comply these obligations. Thirdly, this thesis identifies the unacceptable risk of the underprivileged in criminal procedure, which outlines inequality in criminal procedure. Fourthly, this thesis discusses how to apply substantive equality in criminal law. Lastly, this thesis focuses on crimes of Assembly and Parade Act, Criminal Code and the related laws. This thesis criticizes the laws, and gives reasonable explanations of positive laws.