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  1. NTU Theses and Dissertations Repository
  2. 公共衛生學院
  3. 環境與職業健康科學研究所
請用此 Handle URI 來引用此文件: http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/99913
完整後設資料紀錄
DC 欄位值語言
dc.contributor.advisor陳保中zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisorPau-Chung Chenen
dc.contributor.author蘇一宇zh_TW
dc.contributor.authorYi-Yu Suen
dc.date.accessioned2025-09-19T16:16:49Z-
dc.date.available2025-09-20-
dc.date.copyright2025-09-19-
dc.date.issued2025-
dc.date.submitted2025-07-16-
dc.identifier.citationChapter 1
1. Boekelheide K, Blumberg B, Chapin RE, et al. Predicting later-life outcomes of early-life exposures. Environ Health Perspect. 2012;120(10):1353–1361.
2. Poore KR, Hanson MA, Faustman EM, Neira M. Avoidable early life environmental exposures. Lancet Planet Health. 2017;1(5):e172–e173.
3. East CN, Miller S, Page M, Wherry LR. Multigenerational impacts of childhood access to the safety net: early life exposure to Medicaid and the next generation's health. Am Econ Rev. 2023;113(1):98–135.
4. Lacagnina S. The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD). Am J Lifestyle Med. 2020;14(1):47–50.
5. Fall CHD, Sachdev HS, Osmond C, et al. Association between maternal age at childbirth and child and adult outcomes in the offspring: a prospective study in five low-income and middle-income countries (COHORTS collaboration). Lancet Glob Health. 2015;3(7):e366–e377.
6. Chiavaroli V, Hopkins SA, Biggs JB, et al. The associations between maternal BMI and gestational weight gain and health outcomes in offspring at age 1 and 7 years. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):20865.
7. Ray JG, Park AL, Fell DB. Mortality in infants affected by preterm birth and severe small-for-gestational age birth weight. Pediatrics. 2017;140(6):e20171881.
8. Pan Q, Bak MYS, Johnson LD, Bell LS, Dumas NG. Siblings and social interaction development of individuals with ASD: a systematic review. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2023;109:102280.
9. Ministry of the Interior. 內政統計通報 [Internet]. Published 2020. Accessed June 30, 2024. https://www.moi.gov.tw
10. Chang HY, Hwu WL, Chen CH, Hou CY, Cheng W. Children conceived by assisted reproductive technology prone to low birth weight, preterm birth, and birth defects: a cohort review of more than 50,000 live births during 2011–2017 in Taiwan. Front Pediatr. 2020;8:87.
11. Jackson K, Harrington JW. SGA and VLBW infants: outcomes and care. Pediatr Rev. 2018;39(7):375–377.

Chapter 2
1. Ray, J.G., A.L. Park, and D.B. Fell, Mortality in Infants Affected by Preterm Birth and Severe Small-for-Gestational Age Birth Weight. Pediatrics, 2017. 140(6).
2. Stephens, A.S., et al., Survival, Hospitalization, and Acute-Care Costs of Very and Moderate Preterm Infants in the First 6 Years of Life: A Population-Based Study. Journal of Pediatrics, 2016. 169: p. 61-+.
3. Jackson, K. and J.W. Harrington, SGA and VLBW Infants: Outcomes and Care. Pediatr Rev, 2018. 39(7): p. 375-377.
4. Su, Y.Y., et al., Morbidity and mortality of very low birth weight infants in Taiwan-Changes in 15 years: A population based study (vol 115, pg 1039, 2016). Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 2017. 116(6): p. 494-494.
5. Vizzari, G., et al., Postnatal growth of small for gestational age late preterm infants: determinants of catch-up growth. Pediatric Research, 2023. 94(1): p. 365-370.
6. Matsumoto, M., et al., Incidence and Neonatal Risk factors of Short Stature and Growth Hormone treatment in Japanese Preterm Infants Born Small for Gestational Age. Scientific Reports, 2019. 9.
7. Franceschi, R., et al., Failure to thrive in infant and toddlers: a practical flowchart-based approach in a hospital setting. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 2021. 47(1).
8. Barstow, C. and C. Rerucha, Evaluation of Short and Tall Stature in Children. American Family Physician, 2015. 92(1): p. 43-50.
9. Olbertz, D.M., et al., Identification of growth patterns of preterm and small-for-gestational age children from birth to 4 years - do they catch up? J Perinat Med, 2019. 47(4): p. 448-454.
10. Gnawali, A., Prematurity and the Risk of Development of Childhood Obesity: Piecing Together the Pathophysiological Puzzle. A Literature Review. Cureus, 2021. 13(12): p. e20518.
11. Hong, Y.H. and S. Chung, Small for gestational age and obesity related comorbidities. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 2018. 23(1): p. 4-8.
12. Hwang, I.T., Long-term care, from neonatal period to adulthood, of children born small for gestational age. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol, 2019. 28(4): p. 97-103.
13. Markopoulou, P., et al., Preterm Birth as a Risk Factor for Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease in Adult Life: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Pediatrics, 2019. 210: p. 69-80.
14. Huang, Y.T., et al., Association of preterm birth and small for gestational age with metabolic outcomes in children and adolescents: A population-based cohort study from Taiwan. Pediatr Neonatol, 2018. 59(2): p. 147-153.
15. Boguszewski, M.C.S., et al., Near-Adult Height After Growth Hormone Treatment in Children Born Prematurely-Data From KIGS. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2020. 105(7): p. E2457-E2463.
16. Kappelgaard, A.M., et al., The Impact of Long-Term Growth Hormone Treatment on Metabolic Parameters in Japanese Patients with Short Stature Born Small for Gestational Age. Hormone Research in Paediatrics, 2014. 81(4): p. 272-279.
17. Horikawa, R., et al., The long-term safety and effectiveness of growth hormone treatment in Japanese children with short stature born small for gestational age. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol, 2020. 29(4): p. 159-171.
18. Rapaport, R., et al., Three years of growth hormone therapy in children born small for gestational age: results from the ANSWER Program. Endocrine Connections, 2018. 7(10): p. 1096-1104.
19. Chang, L.Y., et al., Cohort Profile: Taiwan Birth Cohort Study (TBCS). Int J Epidemiol, 2021. 50(5): p. 1430-1431i.
20. Chen, L., et al., Utilization of well-baby care visits provided by Taiwan's National Health Insurance Program. Soc Sci Med, 2004. 59(8): p. 1647-59.
21. Alur, P., Sex Differences in Nutrition, Growth, and Metabolism in Preterm Infants. Front Pediatr, 2019. 7: p. 22.
22. Broere-Brown, Z.A., et al., Sex-specific differences in fetal and infant growth patterns: a prospective population-based cohort study. Biol Sex Differ, 2016. 7: p. 65.
23. Itabashi, K., et al., Longitudinal follow-up of height up to five years of age in infants born preterm small for gestational age; comparison to full-term small for gestational age infants. Early Hum Dev, 2007. 83(5): p. 327-33.
24. Sharma, D., S. Shastri, and P. Sharma, Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Antenatal and Postnatal Aspects. Clin Med Insights Pediatr, 2016. 10: p. 67-83.
25. Villar, J., et al., Monitoring the Postnatal Growth of Preterm Infants: A Paradigm Change. Pediatrics, 2018. 141(2).
26. Williamson, A.L., et al., Longitudinal BMI Growth Curves for Surviving Preterm NICU Infants Based on a Large US Sample. Pediatrics, 2018. 142(3).
27. Olsen, I.E., et al., BMI curves for preterm infants. Pediatrics, 2015. 135(3): p. e572-81.
28. Baldassarre, M.E., et al., Premature Birth is an Independent Risk Factor for Early Adiposity Rebound: Longitudinal Analysis of BMI Data from Birth to 7 Years. Nutrients, 2020. 12(12).
29. Lim, J., S.J. Yoon, and S.M. Lee, Growth patterns of preterm infants in Korea. Clin Exp Pediatr, 2022. 65(1): p. 1-9.
30. Okada, T., et al., Early postnatal alteration of body composition in preterm and small-for-gestational-age infants: implications of catch-up fat. Pediatr Res, 2015. 77(1-2): p. 136-42.
31. Casirati, A., et al., Preterm birth and metabolic implications on later life: A narrative review focused on body composition. Frontiers in Nutrition, 2022. 9.
32. Li, P., et al., Early-life weight gain patterns of term small-for-gestational-age infants and the predictive ability for later childhood overweight/obesity: A prospective cohort study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2022. 13: p. 1030216.
33. Zheng, M., et al., Rapid weight gain during infancy and subsequent adiposity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence. Obes Rev, 2018. 19(3): p. 321-332.
34. Mericq, V., et al., Long-term metabolic risk among children born premature or small for gestational age. Nat Rev Endocrinol, 2017. 13(1): p. 50-62.
35. Yan, S., et al., Association of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia with offspring adiposity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2022. 13: p. 906781.
36. Kuciene, R. and V. Dulskiene, Associations of maternal gestational hypertension with high blood pressure and overweight/obesity in their adolescent offspring: a retrospective cohort study. Scientific Reports, 2022. 12(1).
37. Tong, V.T., et al., Risks of Preterm Delivery and Small for Gestational Age Infants: Effects of Nondaily and Low-Intensity Daily Smoking During Pregnancy. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol, 2017. 31(2): p. 144-148.
38. Sbrana, M., et al., Alcohol consumption during pregnancy and perinatal results: a cohort study. Sao Paulo Med J, 2016. 134(2): p. 146-52.
39. Liu, X., et al., Factors affecting the catch-up growth of preterm infants after discharge in China: a multicenter study based on the health belief model. Ital J Pediatr, 2019. 45(1): p. 87.
40. Chien, L.Y., et al., National prevalence of breastfeeding in Taiwan. J Hum Lact, 2005. 21(3): p. 338-44.
41. Neves, P.A.R., et al., Rates and time trends in the consumption of breastmilk, formula, and animal milk by children younger than 2 years from 2000 to 2019: analysis of 113 countries. Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 2021. 5(9): p. 619-630.
42. Li, W.Q., et al., The association between breastfeeding and childhood obesity/underweight: a population-based birth cohort study with repeated measured data. International Breastfeeding Journal, 2022. 17(1).

Chapter 3
1. Thomsen SF. Epidemiology and natural history of atopic diseases. Eur Clin Respir J. 2015;2:24642.
2. Pierau M, Arra A, Brunner-Weinzierl MC. Preventing atopic diseases during childhood—early exposure matters. Front Immunol. 2021;12:617731.
3. Alkotob SS, Cannedy C, Harter K, Movassagh H, Paudel B, Prunicki M, et al. Advances and novel developments in environmental influences on the development of atopic diseases. Allergy. 2020;75(12):3077–86.
4. Spergel JM. From atopic dermatitis to asthma: the atopic march. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010;105(2):99–106; quiz 107–9, 117.
5. Tsuge M, Ikeda M, Matsumoto N, Yorifuji T, Tsukahara H. Current insights into atopic march. Children (Basel). 2021;8(11):1004.
6. Nobile S, Di Sipio Morgia C, Vento G. Perinatal origins of adult disease and opportunities for health promotion: a narrative review. J Pers Med. 2022;12(2):193.
7. Pagano F, Conti MG, Boscarino G, Pannucci C, Dito L, Regoli D, et al. Atopic manifestations in children born preterm: a long-term observational study. Children (Basel). 2021;8(10):894.
8. Kim K, Lee JY, Kim YM, Kim G, Kim EH, Lee BK, et al. Prevalence of asthma in preterm and associated risk factors based on prescription data from the Korean National Health Insurance database. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):4484.
9. Goedicke-Fritz S, Hartel C, Krasteva-Christ G, Kopp MV, Meyer S, Zemlin M. Preterm birth affects the risk of developing immune-mediated diseases. Front Immunol. 2017;8:1266.
10. Liu X, Olsen J, Agerbo E, Yuan W, Cnattingius S, Gissler M, et al. Birth weight, gestational age, fetal growth, and childhood asthma hospitalization. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2014;10(1):13.
11. Wang JJ, Zhang ZY, Chen OU. What is the impact of birth weight corrected for gestational age on later onset asthma: a meta-analysis. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2022;18(1):15.
12. Hsieh CY, Su CC, Shao SC, Sung SF, Lin SJ, Kao Yang YH, et al. Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database: past and future. Clin Epidemiol. 2019;11:349–58.
13. Li ZY, Chen LH, Qiu MJ, Liang FW, Lu ZX. [Construction and future application of Taiwan's "Maternal and Child Health Database"]. Taiwan J Public Health. 2016;35(2):209–20. (in Chinese).
14. Alur P. Sex differences in nutrition, growth, and metabolism in preterm infants. Front Pediatr. 2019;7:22.
15. De Martinis M, Sirufo MM, Suppa M, Di Silvestre D, Ginaldi L. Sex and gender aspects for patient stratification in allergy prevention and treatment. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(4):1535.
16. Liu CY, Hung YT, Chuang YL, Chen YJ, Weng WS, Liu JS, et al. Incorporating development stratification of Taiwan townships into sampling design of large-scale health interview survey. J Health Manag. 2006;4:1–22.
17. Pulakka A, Risnes K, Metsala J, Alenius S, Heikkilä K, Nilsen SM, et al. Preterm birth and asthma and COPD in adulthood: a nationwide register study from two Nordic countries. Eur Respir J. 2023;61(6):2300266.
18. Takata N, Tanaka K, Nagata C, Arakawa M, Miyake Y. Preterm birth is associated with higher prevalence of wheeze and asthma in a selected population of Japanese children aged three years. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2019;47(5):425–30.
19. Kowalik A, Cichocka-Jarosz E, Kwinta P. Atopic dermatitis and gestational age—Is there an association between them? A review of the literature and an analysis of pathology. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2023;40(3):341–9.
20. Caffarelli C, Gracci S, Gianni G, Bernardini R. Are babies born preterm high-risk asthma candidates? J Clin Med. 2023;12(16):5250.
21. Crump C, Sundquist K, Sundquist J, Winkleby MA. Gestational age at birth and risk of allergic rhinitis in young adulthood. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127(5):1173–9.
22. Mitselou N, Hallberg J, Stephansson O, Almqvist C, Melén E, Ludvigsson JF. Adverse pregnancy outcomes and risk of later allergic rhinitis—Nationwide Swedish cohort study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2020;31(5):471–9.
23. Egan M, Bunyavanich S. Allergic rhinitis: the "Ghost Diagnosis" in patients with asthma. Asthma Res Pract. 2015;1:8.
24. Giavina-Bianchi P, Aun MV, Takejima P, Kalil J, Agondi RC. United airway disease: current perspectives. J Asthma Allergy. 2016;9:93–100.
25. El-Heis S, Crozier SR, Healy E, Robinson SM, Harvey NC, Cooper C, et al. Faltering of prenatal growth precedes the development of atopic eczema in infancy: cohort study. Clin Epidemiol. 2018;10:1851–64.
26. Miyake Y, Tanaka K. Lack of relationship between birth conditions and allergic disorders in Japanese children aged 3 years. J Asthma. 2013;50(6):555–9.
27. Morken NH, Källén K, Jacobsson B. Fetal growth and onset of delivery: a nationwide population-based study of preterm infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195(1):154–61.
28. Srinivas SK, Edlow AG, Neff PM, Sammel MD, Andrela CM, Elovitz MA. Rethinking IUGR in preeclampsia: dependent or independent of maternal hypertension? J Perinatol. 2009;29(10):680–4.
29. Villar J, Carroli G, Wojdyla D, Abalos E, Giordano D, Ba'aqeel H, et al. Preeclampsia, gestational hypertension and intrauterine growth restriction, related or independent conditions? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;194(4):921–31.
30. Henderson I, Quenby S. Gestational hypertension and childhood atopy: a Millennium Cohort Study analysis. Eur J Pediatr. 2021;180(8):2419–27.
31. Stokholm J, Sevelsted A, Anderson UD, Bisgaard H. Preeclampsia associates with asthma, allergy, and eczema in childhood. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195(5):614–21.
32. Saito M, Yamamoto-Hanada K, Pak K, Ayabe T, Mezawa H, Ishitsuka K, et al. Having small-for-gestational-age infants was associated with maternal allergic features in the JECS birth cohort. Allergy. 2018;73(9):1908–11.

Chapter 4
Fertility GBD, Forecasting C. Global fertility in 204 countries and territories, 1950-2021, with forecasts to 2100: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2024;403(10440):2057-99.
2. Tearne JE. Older maternal age and child behavioral and cognitive outcomes: a review of the literature. Fertil Steril. 2015;103(6):1381-91.
3. Hviid MM, Skovlund CW, Morch LS, Lidegaard O. Maternal age and child morbidity: A Danish national cohort study. PLoS One. 2017;12(4):e0174770.
4. Kato T, Yorifuji T, Yamakawa M, Inoue S, Doi H, Eboshida A, et al. Association of maternal age with child health: A Japanese longitudinal study. PLoS One. 2017;12(2):e0172544.
5. Boydell V, Mori R, Shahrook S, Gietel-Basten S. Low fertility and fertility policies in the Asia-Pacific region. Glob Health Med. 2023;5(5):271-7.
6. Ministry of the Interior PS. 內政統計通報 [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2024 June 30]. Available from: https://www.moi.gov.tw.
7. Hsieh CY, Su CC, Shao SC, Sung SF, Lin SJ, Kao Yang YH, et al. Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database: past and future. Clin Epidemiol. 2019;11:349-58.
8. 李中一, 陳麗華, 邱孟君, 梁富文, 呂宗學. 台灣「婦幼健康主題式資料庫」之建構與未來應用. 台灣公共衛生雜誌. 2016;35(2):209-20.
9. Kieling C, Kieling RR, Rohde LA, Frick PJ, Moffitt T, Nigg JT, et al. The age at onset of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167(1):14-6.
10. Chiang TL LS, eds. Taiwan Infant and Toddler Health in the New Century, Taiwan Birth Cohort Study Report No. 1. In: Bureau of Health Promotion DoH, editor. Taichung, Taiwan2011.
11. 劉介宇, 洪永泰, 莊義利, 陳怡如, 翁文舜, 劉季鑫, et al. 台灣地區鄉鎮市區發展類型應用於大型健康調查抽樣設計之研究. 健康管理學刊. 2006;4(1):1-22.
12. Lin TC. The Decline of Son Preference and Rise of Gender Indifference in Taiwan Since 1990. Demogr Res. 2009;20:377-402.
13. Lee IW, Lai Y-C, Kuo P-L, Chang C-M. Human sex ratio at amniocentesis and at birth in Taiwan. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2012;51(4):572-5.
14. Schacht R, Tharp D, Smith KR. Sex ratios at birth vary with environmental harshness but not maternal condition. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):9066.
15. Wu H, Zhao M, Liang Y, Liu F, Xi B. Maternal age at birth and neonatal mortality: Associations from 67 low-income and middle-income countries. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2021;35(3):318-27.
16. Farrant BM, Stanley FJ, Hardelid P, Shepherd CC. Stillbirth and neonatal death rates across time: the influence of pregnancy terminations and birth defects in a Western Australian population-based cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016;16:112.
17. Tamir TT. Neonatal mortality rate and determinants among births of mothers at extreme ages of reproductive life in low and middle income countries. Scientific Reports. 2024;14(1):12596.
18. Bhusal MK, Khanal SP. A Systematic Review of Factors Associated with Under-Five Child Mortality. Biomed Res Int. 2022;2022:1181409.
19. Barclay K, Myrskylä M. Advanced Maternal Age and Offspring Outcomes: Reproductive Aging and Counterbalancing Period Trends. Popul Dev Rev. 2016;42(1):69-94.
20. Myrskylä M, Fenelon A. Maternal age and offspring adult health: evidence from the health and retirement study. Demography. 2012;49(4):1231-57.
21. Chang HY, Hwu WL, Chen CH, Hou CY, Cheng W. Children Conceived by Assisted Reproductive Technology Prone to Low Birth Weight, Preterm Birth, and Birth Defects: A Cohort Review of More Than 50,000 Live Births During 2011-2017 in Taiwan. Front Pediatr. 2020;8:87.
22. Matsumoto N, Mitsui T, Kadowaki T, Mitsuhashi T, Hirota T, Masuyama H, et al. In vitro fertilization and long-term child health and development: nationwide birth cohort study in Japan. Eur J Pediatr. 2024;184(1):24.
23. Esposito G, Mauri PA, Cipriani S, Franchi M, Corrao G, Parazzini F. The role of maternal age on the risk of preterm birth among singletons and multiples: a retrospective cohort study in Lombardy, Northern Italy. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2022;22(1):234.
24. Ferré C, Callaghan W, Olson C, Sharma A, Barfield W. Effects of Maternal Age and Age-Specific Preterm Birth Rates on Overall Preterm Birth Rates - United States, 2007 and 2014. Mmwr-Morbid Mortal W. 2016;65(43):1181-4.
25. Martin JA, Osterman MJK. Shifts in the Distribution of Births by Gestational Age: United States, 2014-2022. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2024;73(1):1-11.
26. Aradhya S, Tegunimataka A, Kravdal O, Martikainen P, Myrskyla M, Barclay K, et al. Maternal age and the risk of low birthweight and pre-term delivery: a pan-Nordic comparison. Int J Epidemiol. 2023;52(1):156-64.
27. Oh Y, Bae J. Impact of Changes in Maternal Age and Parity Distribution on the Increasing Trends in the Low Birth Weight and Very Low Birth Weight Rates in South Korea, 2005-2015. J Prev Med Public Health. 2019;52(2):123-30.
28. Fall CHD, Sachdev HS, Osmond C, Restrepo-Mendez MC, Victora C, Martorell R, et al. Association between maternal age at childbirth and child and adult outcomes in the offspring: a prospective study in five low-income and middle-income countries (COHORTS collaboration). The Lancet Global Health. 2015;3(7):e366-e77.
29. Kozuki N, Lee ACC, Silveira MF, Sania A, Vogel JP, Adair L, et al. The associations of parity and maternal age with small-for-gestational-age, preterm, and neonatal and infant mortality: a meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(3):S2.
30. McLennan AS, Gyamfi-Bannerman C, Ananth CV, Wright JD, Siddiq Z, D'Alton ME, et al. The role of maternal age in twin pregnancy outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;217(1):80.e1-.e8.
31. Goetzinger KR, Shanks AL, Odibo AO, Macones GA, Cahill AG. Advanced Maternal Age and the Risk of Major Congenital Anomalies. Am J Perinatol. 2017;34(3):217-22.
32. You SJ, Kang D, Sung JH, Park H, Cho J, Choi SJ, et al. The influence of advanced maternal age on congenital malformations, short- and long-term outcomes in offspring of nulligravida: a Korean National Cohort Study over 15 years. Obstet Gynecol Sci. 2024.
33. Hvolgaard Mikkelsen S, Olsen J, Bech BH, Obel C. Parental age and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). International Journal of Epidemiology. 2017;46(2):409-20.
34. Lyall K, Song L, Botteron K, Croen LA, Dager SR, Fallin MD, et al. The Association Between Parental Age and Autism-Related Outcomes in Children at High Familial Risk for Autism. Autism Res. 2020;13(6):998-1010.
35. Ni G, Amare AT, Zhou X, Mills N, Gratten J, Lee SH. The genetic relationship between female reproductive traits and six psychiatric disorders. Scientific Reports. 2019;9(1):12041.
36. Cui H, Mu Z. Prenatal Maternal Risk Factors Contributing to Atopic Dermatitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies. Ann Dermatol. 2023;35(1):11-22.

Chapter 5
1. Tollanes MC, Wilcox AJ, Stoltenberg C, et al. Neurodevelopmental disorders or early death in siblings of children with cerebral palsy. Pediatrics. 2016;138(2):e20160269. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-0269
2. Reimelt C, Wolff N, Holling H, et al. Siblings and birth order—are they important for the occurrence of ADHD? J Atten Disord. 2021;25(1):81-90. doi:10.1177/1087054718770020
3. Alvares GA, Licari MK, Stevenson PG, et al. Investigating associations between birth order and autism diagnostic phenotypes. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2021;62(8):961-970. doi:10.1111/jcpp.13349
4. Bhattacharjee NV, Schumacher AE, Aali A, et al. Global fertility in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2021, with forecasts to 2100: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2024;403(10440):2057-2099. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00550-6
5. Faraone SV, Larsson H. Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2019;24(4):562-575. doi:10.1038/s41380-018-0070-0
6. Chaste P, Leboyer M. Autism risk factors: genes, environment, and gene-environment interactions. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2012;14(3):281-292. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2012.14.3.pchaste
7. Freitag CM, Hanig S, Schneider A, et al. Biological and psychosocial environmental risk factors influence symptom severity and psychiatric comorbidity in children with ADHD. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2012;119(1):81-94. doi:10.1007/s00702-011-0659-9
8. Pan Q, Bak MYS, Johnson LD, et al. Siblings and social interaction development of individuals with ASD: A systematic review. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2023;109:102280. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2023.102280
9. Hsieh CY, Su CC, Shao SC, et al. Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database: past and future. Clin Epidemiol. 2019;11:349-358. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S196293
10. Chiang TL, Lin SJ, eds. Taiwan Infant and Toddler Health in the New Century, Taiwan Birth Cohort Study Report No. 1. Bureau of Health Promotion, Department of Health; 2011.
11. Liu JY, Hong YT, Chuang YL, et al. 台灣地區鄉鎮市區發展類型應用於大型健康調查抽樣設計之研究. J Health Manag. 2006;4(1):1-22. doi:10.29805/jhm.200606.0001
12. Boychuck Z, Bussières A, Goldschleger J, et al. Age at referral for diagnosis and rehabilitation services for cerebral palsy: a scoping review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2019;61(8):908-914. doi:10.1111/dmcn.14034
13. Kieling C, Kieling RR, Rohde LA, et al. The age at onset of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167(1):14-16. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09060796
14. van 't Hof M, Tisseur C, van Berckelear-Onnes I, et al. Age at autism spectrum disorder diagnosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis from 2012 to 2019. Autism. 2021;25(4):862-873. doi:10.1177/1362361320971107
15. Lin TC. The decline of son preference and rise of gender indifference in Taiwan since 1990. Demogr Res. 2009;20:377-402. doi:10.4054/DemRes.2009.20.16
16. Pruckner GJ, Schneeweis N, Schober T, et al. Birth order, parental health investment, and health in childhood. J Health Econ. 2021;76:102426. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2021.102426
17. Loroña NC, Allen SB, Lam EW, et al. Risks of preterm birth and growth restriction in second births after a first-born male infant. Ann Epidemiol. 2020;52:71-76.e1. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.07.019
18. Fall CHD, Sachdev HS, Osmond C, et al. Association between maternal age at childbirth and child and adult outcomes in the offspring: a prospective study in five low-income and middle-income countries (COHORTS collaboration). Lancet Glob Health. 2015;3(7):e366-e377. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00038-8
19. Oh Y, Bae J. Impact of changes in maternal age and parity distribution on the increasing trends in the low birth weight and very low birth weight rates in South Korea, 2005-2015. J Prev Med Public Health. 2019;52(2):123-130. doi:10.3961/jpmph.18.247
20. McIntyre S, Taitz D, Keogh J, et al. A systematic review of risk factors for cerebral palsy in children born at term in developed countries. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2013;55(6):499-508. doi:10.1111/dmcn.12017
21. Gowda VK, Kumar A, Shivappa SK, et al. Clinical profile, predisposing factors, and associated co-morbidities of children with cerebral palsy in South India. J Pediatr Neurosci. 2015;10(2):95-99. doi:10.4103/1817-1745.159195
22. Andoy Galvan JA, Ramalingam PN, Patil SS, et al. Mode of delivery, order of birth, parental age gap and autism spectrum disorder among Malaysian children: A case-control study. Heliyon. 2020;6(10):e05068. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05068
23. Hughes C, Leekam S. What are the links between theory of mind and social relations? Review, reflections and new directions for studies of typical and atypical development. Soc Dev. 2004;13(4):590-619. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2004.00285.x
24. McAlister A, Peterson C. A longitudinal study of child siblings and theory of mind development. Cogn Dev. 2007;22(2):258-270. doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2006.10.009
25. Berger I, Felsenthal-Berger N. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and birth order. J Child Neurol. 2009;24(6):692-696. doi:10.1177/0883073808330763
26. Marín AM, Seco FL, Serrano SM, et al. Do firstborn children have an increased risk of ADHD? J Atten Disord. 2014;18(7):594-597. doi:10.1177/1087054712445066
27. Claussen AH, Holbrook JR, Hutchins HJ, et al. All in the family? A systematic review and meta-analysis of parenting and family environment as risk factors for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. Prev Sci. 2024;25(2):249-271. doi:10.1007/s11121-022-01358-4
28. Daffner MS, DuPaul GJ, Kern L, et al. Enhancing social skills of young children with ADHD: Effects of a sibling-mediated intervention. Behav Modif. 2019;44(5):698-726. doi:10.1177/0145445519843473
29. Du W, Ke L, Wang Y, et al. The prenatal, postnatal, neonatal, and family environmental risk factors for developmental coordination disorder: A study with a national representative sample. Res Dev Disabil. 2020;104:103699. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103699
30. Kalmijn M, van de Werfhorst HG. Sibship size and gendered resource dilution in different societal contexts. PLoS One. 2016;11(8):e0160953. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0160953

Chapter 6
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11. Ministry of Health and Welfare (MOHW). Proper Gestational Weight Management for Maternal and Infant Health. Taipei, Taiwan: MOHW; 2025. Accessed May 21, 2025. https://www.mohw.gov.tw/cp-2632-14713-1.html
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13. Liu X, Wang H, Yang L, Zhao M, Magnussen CG, Xi B. Associations between gestational weight gain and adverse birth outcomes: A population-based retrospective cohort study of 9 million mother-infant pairs. Front Nutr. 2022;9:811217.
14. Grandfils S, Durand P, Hoge A, Seidel L, Emonts P, Paquot N, et al. Gestational weight gain: Toward best practices in managing gestational weight gain in patients with obesity—comparison of recommendations. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2024;298:197–203.
15. Nohr EA, Vaeth M, Baker JL, Sørensen TI, Olsen J, Rasmussen KM. Pregnancy outcomes related to gestational weight gain in women defined by their body mass index, parity, height, and smoking status. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(5):1288–1294.
16. Waits A, Guo CY, Chien LY. Inadequate gestational weight gain contributes to increasing rates of low birth weight in Taiwan: 2011–2016 nationwide surveys. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2021;60(5):857–862.
17. Goldstein RF, Abell SK, Ranasinha S, Misso ML, Boyle JA, Harrison CL, et al. Gestational weight gain across continents and ethnicity: Systematic review and meta-analysis of maternal and infant outcomes in more than one million women. BMC Med. 2018;16(1):153.
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19. Choi SK, Lee G, Kim YH, Park IY, Ko HS, Shin JC. Determining optimal gestational weight gain in the Korean population: A retrospective cohort study. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2017;15(1):67.
20. Heslehurst N, Rankin J, Wilkinson JR, Summerbell CD. A nationally representative study of maternal obesity in England, UK: Trends in incidence and demographic inequalities in 619,323 births, 1989–2007. Int J Obes (Lond). 2010;34(3):420–428.
21. Akinyemi OA, Tanna R, Adetokunbo S, Omokhodion O, Fasokun M, Akingbule AS, et al. Increasing pre-pregnancy body mass index and pregnancy outcomes in the United States. Cureus. 2022;14(9):e28695.
22. Pan WH, Wu SY, Yeh NH, Hung SY. Healthy Taiwanese Eating Approach (TEA) toward total wellbeing and healthy longevity. Nutrients. 2022;14(13):2829.
23. Noh JW, Kwon YD, Yang Y, Cheon J, Kim J. Relationship between body image and weight status in East Asian countries: comparison between South Korea and Taiwan. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):814.
24. Jeric M, Roje D, Medic N, Strinic T, Mestrovic Z, Vulic M. Maternal pre-pregnancy underweight and fetal growth in relation to Institute of Medicine recommendations for gestational weight gain. Early Hum Dev. 2013;89(5):277–81.
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26. Cohen AK, Rai M, Rehkopf DH, Abrams B. Educational attainment and obesity: a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2013;14(12):989–1005.
27. Thapa S, Ahmed KY, Bizuayehu HM, Huda MM, Chalise B, Bore MG, et al. Trends and social determinants of the obesity epidemic among reproductive-age women in ten Asian countries. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):22545.
28. Wong TJ, Yu T. Trends in the distribution of body mass index, waist circumference and prevalence of obesity among Taiwanese adults, 1993–2016. PLoS One. 2022;17(9):e0274134.
29. Health Promotion Administration (HPA). Maternal Health Booklet. Taipei: Taiwan Ministry of Health and Welfare; 2024.
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dc.identifier.urihttp://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/99913-
dc.description.abstract背景
懷孕與出生後初期是決定兒童長期健康結果的關鍵時期。母體與胎兒的風險因子,例如高齡產婦、早產、小於胎齡兒、妊娠期體重增加及出生序等,皆可能深刻影響兒童的發育、疾病風險與死亡率。雖然相關議題在部分高收入國家已有廣泛探討,但在東亞族群中,這些因子累積性的影響與具體機制仍有待釐清。
方法
本論文整合五項以台灣全國性人口資料庫為基礎的世代研究,研究主題涵蓋:(1) 早產與小於胎齡兒的成長軌跡與幼年肥胖風險;(2) 早產與小於胎齡兒對異位性疾病(氣喘、異位性皮膚炎、過敏性鼻炎)風險的影響;(3) 母親年齡對出生預後、兒童死亡率、神經發展遲緩與過敏疾病的影響;(4) 兄弟姊妹的存在與出生序對注意力不足過動症與自閉症風險的影響;以及 (5) 妊娠期體重增加對新生兒不良預後的關聯性,並探討母親身體質量指數是否調節此關聯。我們運用多元邏輯斯迴歸與Cox比例風險模型,調整社經地位、都市化程度與妊娠相關因子進行分析。
結果
早產與小於胎齡兒在學齡前呈現出異於常態的生長曲線,並具有較高的肥胖風險。早產與氣喘及過敏性鼻炎風險上升相關,卻與異位性皮膚炎風險下降有關;小於胎齡兒則在足月兒中與異位性疾病風險無明顯關聯。母親年齡過低或過高皆與不良出生結果、兒童死亡率與神經發展異常風險上升有關。兄弟姊妹的存在與較低的注意力不足過動症與自閉症風險相關,但獨生子女與長子女的神經發展風險較高。過低或過高的妊娠期體重增加會增加新生兒不良預後風險,尤其在身體質量指數偏高或偏低的母親中影響更顯著。
結論
本論文結果強調孕期與新生兒期風險因子對兒童健康的長期影響,凸顯早期辨識與個別化照護的重要性。本研究有助於發展具地區適應性的公共衛生政策、妊娠與育兒指引,並可用以促進兒童健康平等與預防長期疾病負擔。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstractBackground
The prenatal and early postnatal periods represent critical windows during which maternal and fetal risk factors can shape lifelong health trajectories. Factors such as advanced maternal age, preterm birth, small-for-gestational-age (SGA) status, gestational weight gain (GWG), and birth order are increasingly recognized for their influence on child development, morbidity, and mortality. Despite growing global attention to these risks, their cumulative effects and population-specific implications remain underexplored in East Asian contexts.
Methods
This dissertation integrates findings from five nationwide, population-based cohort studies. We examined: (1) the longitudinal growth trajectories and early childhood obesity risk among preterm and SGA infants; (2) associations between prematurity/SGA and pediatric atopic diseases; (3) the effects of maternal age on birth outcomes, child mortality, neurodevelopmental delay, and allergic diseases; (4) the influence of sibling presence and birth order on the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders; and (5) the relationship between maternal gestational weight gain and neonatal outcomes stratified by maternal body mass index (BMI). Statistical analyses included multivariate logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards modeling, with adjustment for socioeconomic, urbanization, and obstetric confounders.
Results
Preterm and SGA infants showed distinct growth patterns and elevated obesity risk by early childhood. Prematurity was associated with higher risks of asthma and allergic rhinitis but a lower risk of atopic dermatitis. Both younger and advanced maternal age were linked to adverse birth outcomes and increased risks of mortality, developmental delay, and allergic diseases in children. Sibling presence was protective against attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), while only children and firstborns exhibited elevated neurodevelopmental risks. Inadequate or excessive gestational weight gain was associated with increased risks of adverse neonatal outcomes, particularly among mothers at the extremes of the BMI spectrum.
Conclusion
These findings underscore the long-term health implications of maternal, fetal, and familial factors during pregnancy and early infancy. The evidence highlights the importance of precision-based prenatal care, informed reproductive counseling, and targeted pediatric surveillance. Results may inform clinical guidelines and public health strategies aimed at reducing disparities in child health rooted in early life exposures.
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dc.description.tableofcontents口試委員會審定書 1
誌謝 2
中文摘要 3
ABSTRACT 5
CONTENTS 7
LIST OF FIGURES 8
LIST OF TABLES 9
Chapter 1 Introduction 10
References 12
Chapter 2 Long-term Effects on Growth in Preterm and SGA Infants 14
References 32
Chapter 3 Atopic Diseases Related to Prematurity and Fetal Growth 39
References 55
Chapter 4 Maternal Age and Pediatric Outcomes 60
References 80
Chapter 5 Birth Order and Neurodevelopmental Disorders 85
References 102
Chapter 6 Gestational Weight Gain and Perinatal Outcomes 107
References 123
Chapter 7 Conclusion 128
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dc.language.isoen-
dc.subject胎兒生長遲滯zh_TW
dc.subject神經發展障礙zh_TW
dc.subject異位性疾病zh_TW
dc.subject妊娠期體重增加zh_TW
dc.subject兒童世代研究zh_TW
dc.subject出生胎序zh_TW
dc.subject高齡產婦zh_TW
dc.subject早產zh_TW
dc.subjectpediatric cohort studyen
dc.subjectbirth orderen
dc.subjectatopic diseasesen
dc.subjectneurodevelopmental disordersen
dc.subjectgestational weight gainen
dc.subjectsmall for gestational ageen
dc.subjectprematurityen
dc.subjectmaternal ageen
dc.title從孕期到童年:母胎風險因子對兒童健康的長期影響探討zh_TW
dc.titleFrom Womb to Childhood: Evaluating the Longitudinal Effects of Maternal and Fetal Risk Factors on Pediatric Healthen
dc.typeThesis-
dc.date.schoolyear113-2-
dc.description.degree博士-
dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee邱弘毅;郭育良;謝武勳;陳中明;曹伯年zh_TW
dc.contributor.oralexamcommitteeHung-Yi Chiou;Yue-Leon Guo;Wu-Shiun Hsieh;Chung-Ming Chen;Po-Nien Tsaoen
dc.subject.keyword高齡產婦,早產,胎兒生長遲滯,妊娠期體重增加,神經發展障礙,異位性疾病,出生胎序,兒童世代研究,zh_TW
dc.subject.keywordmaternal age,prematurity,small for gestational age,gestational weight gain,neurodevelopmental disorders,atopic diseases,birth order,pediatric cohort study,en
dc.relation.page133-
dc.identifier.doi10.6342/NTU202501827-
dc.rights.note同意授權(全球公開)-
dc.date.accepted2025-07-17-
dc.contributor.author-college公共衛生學院-
dc.contributor.author-dept環境與職業健康科學研究所-
dc.date.embargo-lift2025-09-20-
顯示於系所單位:環境與職業健康科學研究所

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