有機磷類農藥殘留累積膳食風險評估：以新北市為例

Abstract

目前已經有多項研究表明有機磷類農藥會抑制乙醯膽鹼酯酶 ，使神經傳導物質乙醯膽鹼在神經元連接處積聚，破壞中樞神經系統神經元發育，傳統研究農藥殘留風險，主要針對單一化合物進行評估，但消費者攝食食品常含有多種農藥殘留，國際上目前致力於研究並制定方法評估農藥的累積和協同效應，美國環保署訂有「具有共同毒性機制的農藥化學品累積風險評估指南」，針對有機磷等5組相同毒性作用機制類別農藥進行累積風險評估；主要是使用相對效力因子（RPF）方法來確定與接觸有機磷農藥相關的累積風險。 目前臺灣法規僅針對單一農藥進行限量標準，並未針對累積暴露量及風險控管，依據農業部動植物防疫檢疫署農用藥劑分類及作用機制檢索，乙醯膽鹼酯酶抑制類有機磷類農藥共計47種，藉由分析新北市衛生局109至113年蔬菜水果農藥殘留量之檢驗數據，並利用國家攝食資料庫數據評估蔬菜水果每日的攝食量，以RPF方法估計有機磷類農藥累積飲食暴露量，計算出每日攝取量平均值為每日每公斤體重0.0003992毫克，約為達馬松ADI之10%，而第95百分位（P95）的人及第99百分位（P99）的人累積攝食量約為達馬松ADI之30%及95%，尚於可接受範圍，但還是有約0.92%的民眾累積攝食量會超過ADI值，顯示主管機關仍需持續監控並確認農藥累積風險。

Numerous studies have confirmed that organophosphate pesticides inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), leading to the accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at neuronal synapses and thereby disrupting the development of neurons within the central nervous system. Traditionally, pesticide residue risk assessments have focused on evaluating individual compounds. However, given that consumers are commonly exposed to multiple pesticide residues simultaneously through food intake, there is a growing international emphasis on developing methodologies to assess the cumulative and synergistic effects of such exposures. In this context, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has issued the Guidance on Cumulative Risk Assessment of Pesticides Sharing a Common Mechanism of Toxicity, which specifically addresses the cumulative risks of five groups of pesticides, including organophosphates, that act via similar toxicological mechanisms. The primary approach adopted in this guidance is the use of the Relative Potency Factor (RPF) method to quantify cumulative risks associated with exposure to organophosphate pesticides. In contrast, current regulations in Taiwan set maximum residue limits (MRLs) for individual pesticides but do not establish controls based on cumulative exposure or cumulative risk management. According to the pesticide classification and mechanism database compiled by the Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Inspection and Quarantine under the Ministry of Agriculture, there are 47 organophosphate pesticides identified as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. To address this gap, the present study analyzed pesticide residue monitoring data for vegetables and fruits collected by the New Taipei City Department of Health from 2020 to 2024, and incorporated dietary intake data from the National Food Consumption Database to estimate cumulative dietary exposure to organophosphate pesticides using the RPF method. The results indicated that the average daily intake was 0.0003992 mg/kg body weight per day, corresponding to approximately 10% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of methamidophos. At higher exposure percentiles, the cumulative intake for the 95th and 99th percentile of the population reached approximately 30% and 95% of the methamidophos ADI, respectively, suggesting that cumulative exposures generally remained within acceptable safety margins. Nevertheless, approximately 0. 92% of individuals exhibited cumulative dietary exposures exceeding the ADI, highlighting the need for regulatory agencies to strengthen monitoring and management of cumulative risks arising from pesticides sharing the same mechanism of action.