循環型農業於畜牧產業之實踐：以鹿產業為例

Abstract

本研究旨在探討循環型農業於臺灣畜牧產業，特別是鹿產業的實踐現況、可行性與潛在挑戰，並評估其在因應氣候變遷與提升產業韌性方面的效益。研究動機源於全球氣候變遷與國際原物料波動對畜牧業所構成的雙重壓力，促使產業積極尋求永續發展路徑，以降低環境衝擊並增強經營穩定性。在此背景下，循環農業作為資源高效利用與廢棄物減量的策略，其於本土鹿產業的導入潛力與實務困境，成為本研究的核心理念。 本研究以臺灣鹿產業為主要研究對象，透過整合性質的研究方法，包含對三位領域專家進行深度訪談，以掌握產業宏觀政策與技術發展趨勢；同時對十家鹿場經營者進行問卷調查與實地訪談，以蒐集基層農戶的實務經驗、經營瓶頸與合作意願。所獲數據經綜合分析，旨在全面剖析鹿產業導入循環農業的機會與挑戰。 研究結果顯示，臺灣鹿產業在推動循環農業方面已具備良好基礎。在飼養方面，國產芻料（如狼尾草、青割玉米、盤固拉草等）已普遍佔有顯著地位，使用比例達50%以上，顯示在地草料供應具備發展潛力，有助於強化國產芻料自給自足性，減少對進口飼料的依賴，從而降低碳足跡，呼應農業部「減量」之目標。成本分析更明確指出，透過提高國產鮮草及青貯草料的替代比例，每隻鹿每年的飼養成本可降低逾50%，顯著提升產業經濟效益並緩解原物料波動風險，強化在地飼養的穩定性與韌性。此外，少數先行者鹿場已開始導入完全混合日糧（Total Mixed Ration, TMR）、建置簡易青貯設施，並進行糞尿資源化處理，將糞肥回歸農田或作為堆肥，展現糞尿資源再利用的潛力，這些實踐符合農業部「循環」的主軸，體現了資源循環利用的效益。本研究案例牧場更透過活化休耕地種植牧草，不僅促進固碳效益，有助於「增匯」目標，亦降低運輸能耗，彰顯了鹿產業走向「綠趨勢」的潛力。 然而，研究亦揭示了推動循環農業的諸多挑戰。國產芻料生產易受氣候變遷干擾，加之農村勞力短缺與相關青貯設備欠缺，導致草料供應不穩定。儘管多數農戶支持共製青貯或契作制度，但實際推行仍面臨合作機制鬆散、設備共享共識不足及缺乏共同管理等問題，凸顯了建立「制度化信任架構」與「第三方中介協助平臺」的必要性。此外，多數農戶雖認同循環農業對減碳與永續發展之效益，卻因機械化程度不足、初期投資高昂與技術知識缺乏而裹足不前。 綜合上述發現，本研究建議未來政策應著重於提供具體補助與示範計畫，如青貯設備、割草機與TMR機械的購置補助，並建構國產芻料契作媒合平臺，協助農戶對接種植者。同時，應透過產業示範基地、技術研習課程與專業顧問制度，建立鹿農知識與經驗交流管道，以提升產業整體對循環農業的接受度與實踐能力。此外，整合畜牧與農業資源，如推動與水稻農戶合作輪作，可實現地力養護與綠肥利用的雙贏目標。此類由政府、學術研究單位與產銷團體共同參與的推動策略，方能協助臺灣鹿產業克服現有挑戰，在2025年鹿茸零關稅政策實施後，持續提升成本控制能力與生產彈性，最終實現轉型升級與永續經營，全面實踐農業部「減量、增匯、循環、綠趨勢」的農業淨零目標。 本文期望透過相關理論和實踐分析，以及政府未來的碳排計算方法學出來後，為鹿產業的轉型升級提供可行性建議，進一步推動鹿產業永續發展。

This study aims to investigate the current practices, feasibility, and potential chal-lenges of implementing circular agriculture within Taiwan's livestock industry, specifi-cally focusing on the deer farming sector. It evaluates the integration of core aspects such as local forage utilization, resource recycling, farmers' willingness to cooperate, and climate adaptation capabilities. The research motivation stems from the dual pressures of global climate change and volatile international raw material prices on the livestock in-dustry, urging it to seek sustainable development pathways to reduce environmental im-pact and enhance operational stability. Within this context, the potential for introducing circular agriculture into the local deer industry and the practical difficulties encountered become the central focus of this study. This research selected the Taiwanese deer industry as its primary subject. It em-ployed an integrated research methodology, including in-depth interviews with three domain experts to grasp the broader policy and technological development trends within the industry. Concurrently, questionnaires and on-site interviews were conducted with ten deer farm operators to gather practical experiences, operational bottlenecks, and will-ingness to cooperate from grassroots farmers. The collected data were then comprehen-sively analyzed to fully delineate the opportunities and challenges involved in introduc-ing circular agriculture into the deer industry. The study results indicate that the Taiwanese deer industry possesses a solid foun-dation for promoting circular agriculture. In terms of feeding, domestic forages (such as Napier grass, corn silage, and Pangola grass) have gained significant prominence, with their usage ratio generally exceeding 50%. This demonstrates the potential for develop-ing local forage contract farming, which helps to enhance self-sufficiency in forage sup-ply and reduce reliance on international feed markets. Consequently, this bolsters the industry's economic stability and autonomy, strengthening its overall resilience. This di-rectly aligns with the Ministry of Agriculture's "Reduction" principle, aiming to decrease carbon emissions in farming processes by reducing the carbon footprint of imported feed. Cost analysis further explicitly highlights that by increasing the substitution ratio of do-mestic fresh grass and silage, the annual feeding cost per deer can be reduced by over 50%. This significantly enhances the industry's economic efficiency and mitigates risks associated with raw material price fluctuations, thereby reinforcing the stability and re-silience of local farming. Furthermore, a few pioneering deer farms have begun imple-menting Total Mixed Ration (TMR) feeding techniques, establishing simple silage facili-ties, and processing manure for resource recovery, returning it to farmland as fertilizer or compost. These practices demonstrate the potential for manure resource reuse and align with the Ministry of Agriculture's "Circulation" principle, embodying the benefits of re-source recycling. The case study farm within this research, by actively cultivating forage on fallow land, not only promotes carbon sequestration—contributing to the "Carbon Sequestration Increase" goal—but also reduces energy consumption from long-distance transportation, showcasing the deer industry's potential to move towards a "Green Trend." However, the study also reveals several challenges in promoting circular agriculture. Forage production is highly susceptible to climate change disruptions, and coupled with rural labor shortages and a lack of relevant silage equipment, this leads to unstable for-age supply. Although most farmers support collective silage production or contract farm-ing systems, practical implementation faces issues such as loose cooperative structures, a lack of consensus on equipment sharing, and inadequate common management mecha-nisms. This underscores the necessity of establishing "institutionalized trust frameworks" and "third-party intermediary platforms." Moreover, despite most farmers acknowledg-ing the benefits of circular agriculture for carbon reduction and sustainable development, they often hesitate due to high equipment investment thresholds, a lack of professional technical support, and difficulties in standardizing implementation due to diverse farm operating models. Based on these findings, this study recommends that future policies should focus on providing concrete subsidies and demonstration programs, such as financial assis-tance for purchasing silage equipment, mowers, and TMR machinery. Concurrently, a forage contract farming matchmaking platform should be established to connect farmers with suitable cultivators. Furthermore, industry demonstration bases, technical training courses, and professional consulting systems should be developed to facilitate knowledge and experience exchange among deer farmers, thereby enhancing the indus-try's overall acceptance and capacity for implementing circular agriculture. Additionally, integrating livestock and agricultural resources, such as promoting crop rotation coopera-tion with rice farmers, can achieve a win-win outcome of soil health maintenance and green manure utilization. Such a multi-stakeholder strategy, led by government agencies, academic institutions, and production and marketing organizations, is crucial for helping Taiwan's deer industry overcome existing challenges. This will enable the industry to continuously improve cost control capabilities and production flexibility, particularly after the implementation of the zero-tariff policy for deer velvet in 2025, ultimately achieving transformation, upgrading, and sustainable operation, fully realizing the Minis-try of Agriculture's "Reduction, Carbon Sequestration Increase, Circulation, and Green Trend" goals for agricultural net-zero emissions.