透過社會影響類別探討水稻供應鏈在永續轉型下的風險辨識

Abstract

本研究旨在探討臺灣水稻供應鏈在邁向「2050淨零排放」的永續轉型過程中，潛藏的環境與社會風險。研究以「公正轉型」中的「肯認正義」（Recognition Justice）為核心關懷，採用雙軌研究方法。首先，透過生命週期評估（Life Cycle Assessment, LCA），量化分析臺灣每公斤白米的碳足跡，辨識環境衝擊熱點。其次，本研究建構了一套適用於臺灣農業脈絡的社會風險評估框架，借鑑社會生命週期評估（Social Life Cycle Assessment, S-LCA）的「社會影響類別」（Social Impact Subcategories）概念，利用政府部門公開統計資料，系統性地評估14項社會經濟指標，以揭示供應鏈中被忽視的脆弱群體與制度性風險。 研究結果顯示，每公斤白米的碳足跡為4.33公斤二氧化碳當量（kg CO2eq ），環境衝擊熱點高度集中於「原料取得」階段（56.6%）與「製造」階段（34.8%），主要來自田間的甲烷與氧化亞氮排放，以及碾米過程的能源消耗。社會風險評估則指出臺灣農業面臨三大系統性困境：「低經濟價值」、「勞動力危機」與「轉型困境」。其中，「工時」、「合理薪資」與「安全與健康的生活條件」等指標呈現高或極高風險，反映出產業長期處於低報酬、高齡化、勞力密集且依賴家庭無償勞動的結構。研究亦發現，官方數據存在「統計上的不可見性」，未能反映失聯移工等最脆弱群體的真實處境。政策分析顯示，現行轉型政策（如綠色環境給付）過度依賴經濟誘因，卻忽略了農民的能力建構與市場通路配套，且因未能與既有的稻穀保價收購制度脫鉤，形成政策掣肘，改革成效有限。 本研究結論指出，臺灣農業的公正轉型，不能僅依賴技術導向的減碳或單一的經濟補貼，而必須正視並優先處理其深層的社會結構問題。政策制定應從「肯認正義」出發，將資源投入於提升農民的轉型能力、建構穩定的替代價值鏈，並使隱形的勞動者現身於政策保障體系中，方能實現兼具環境永續與社會包容的轉型路徑。

關鍵字：生命週期評估、社會生命週期評估、永續轉型、公正轉型、稻米供應鏈

This study investigates the latent environmental and social risks embedded within Taiwan’s rice supply chain during its sustainable transition toward the “2050 Net-Zero Emissions” goal. Anchored in the principle of Recognition Justice within the Just Transition framework, the research adopts a dual-track methodological approach. First, a Life Cycle Assessment （LCA） quantifies the carbon footprint of one kilogram of white rice in Taiwan, identifying environmental impact hotspots. Second, the study develops a social risk assessment framework tailored to Taiwan’s agricultural context, drawing on the concept of Social Impact Subcategories from Social Life Cycle Assessment （S-LCA）. Using publicly available governmental statistics, the framework systematically evaluates 14 socio-economic indicators to uncover overlooked vulnerable groups and structural risks within the supply chain. The LCA results reveal a carbon footprint of 4.33 kg CO₂-equivalent per kilogram of white rice, with environmental impact hotspots concentrated in the “raw material acquisition” （56.6%） and “manufacturing” （34.8%） stages. These impacts are primarily driven by methane and nitrous oxide emissions from paddy fields, as well as energy consumption during milling. The social risk assessment identifies three major systemic challenges facing Taiwan’s agriculture: “low economic value,” “labor force crisis,” and “transition constraints.” Indicators such as “working hours,” “fair remuneration,” and “safe and healthy living conditions” exhibit high or very high risk levels, reflecting a sector characterized by persistently low returns, an aging workforce, labor-intensive production, and reliance on unpaid family labor. Furthermore, the study highlights the “statistical invisibility” of official datasets, which fail to capture the realities of the most vulnerable groups, such as undocumented migrant workers. Policy analysis indicates that current transition measures—such as green environmental payments—overemphasize economic incentives while neglecting capacity-building for farmers and the development of supportive market channels. Moreover, the persistence of the guaranteed rice purchase scheme constrains policy flexibility, limiting the effectiveness of reforms. The findings underscore that a just transition in Taiwan’s agriculture cannot rely solely on technology-driven carbon reduction or singular economic subsidies. Instead, it must confront and prioritize the resolution of deeply rooted structural and social issues. Policy formulation should be grounded in Recognition Justice, directing resources toward enhancing farmers’ adaptive capacity, establishing stable alternative value chains, and integrating invisible laborers into protective policy frameworks. Only through such measures can Taiwan achieve a transition pathway that is both environmentally sustainable and socially inclusive.

Keywords: Life Cycle Assessment （LCA）, Social Life Cycle Assessment （S-LCA）, Sustainable Transition, Just Transition, Rice Supply Chain