原住民族集體性權利之規範與實踐：以諮商同意與傳統智慧創作為中心

Abstract

原住民族集體性權利受到國際人權法所保障，以原住民族自決權為核心。我國憲法增修條文宣示保障原住民族之多元文化，立法部門也以制定原住民族基本法回應了憲法之委託。不過，維護多元文化所必須之原住民族集體性權利，應透過何種規範機制之具體實施，才能實現原住民自決權，國際人權文件與原住民族基本法都沒有無明文規定。 本論文以原住民族諮商同意及原住民族傳統智慧創作保護為中心，討論我國原住民族集體性權利之規範與實踐。這些規範，都是透過建立原住民族集體性權利制度，使原住民族得重拾對傳統領域、傳統文化成果表達之管理權能。然而原住民族集體性權利之實踐，也必然會與主流社會之利益與價值產生衝突。本論文因此建議，我國原住民族集體性權利之規範內涵，應依據司法院大法官及憲法法庭關於原住民族權利之解釋與判決中所呈現之新憲法價值，對過去排除適用原住民族文化傳統之政策與規範，進行通盤檢視。必須使原住民族社群透過傳統機制與自治，以及自身之話語權力，本真地展現群體意志，才能實現國族國家中應受保障之原住民族自決權利。

The collective rights of indigenous peoples are nominally protected under the international human rights regime, with the right to self-determination at their core. The Additional Articles of the Constitution of Taiwan have vowed to protect indigenous peoples’ multiculturalism, and are consequently vindicated by the legislature’s enactment of Indigenous Peoples Basic Law. Yet through which mechanism shall these rights indivisible from the implementation of indigenous peoples’ right to self-determination be substantiated, is not prescribed in the international human rights instruments or the Basic Law. This thesis therefore intends to explore the regulations and practices of two current regimes, namely the indigenous peoples’ right to consultation and consent, and the sui generis rights under the Protection Act for Traditional Intellectual Creations of Indigenous Peoples, in order to reveal the phases of indigenous peoples’ collective rights, finding that through these mechanisms, respective indigenous communities are able to regain their rights to management over indigenous traditional title and traditional cultural expressions. However, the implementation of indigenous peoples’ collective rights inevitably leads to conflicts with the interests and values of mainstream society. This thesis then suggests a new constitutional value, which has emerged from constitutional interpretations and cases of the Council of Grand Justices and Constitutional Court, should prevail in the conflicts. This value should be applied to re-examine the current policies and regulations that have underestimated indigenous traditional culture elements, affirming that indigenous peoples are entitled to access their traditional political organizations so as to use their very own ‘Words’ to express collective will authentically, and consequently to substantiate their right of self-determination within nation-states.