從公私協力治理觀點探討臺灣馬拉松賽事獲得世界田徑總會標籤認證之過程

Abstract

臺灣路跑風氣興盛，馬拉松賽事發展迅速，自2014年起每年皆舉辦超過500場路跑活動，儼然成為全民運動的重要象徵。儘管以臺灣馬拉松為主題的研究豐富，然而從協力視角探討體育運動的期刊論文卻屈指可數。另外，現有研究多聚焦於政府部門的管理角色，對於私部門在賽事中所扮演的角色與觀點探討則相對不足。整體而言，鮮少有研究以宏觀層次審視馬拉松賽事辦理脈絡的研究，特別是從跑者以外的利害關係人，如賽事主辦單位、市政府體育局、中華民國體育單項協會等多個外部單位之協作關係，仍缺少完整之分析。

有鑒於此，本研究聚焦於臺灣馬拉松賽事申請世界田徑總會（World Athletics）國際標籤認證之協作歷程，並以Bryson等人於2015年所提出的跨部門協力治理分析架構為基礎，從「一般先行條件」、「初始條件與驅動力」、「協力過程」、「協作結構」、「內在衝突與張力」及「協作成果」六個層次進行深入討論。研究方法則採用次級資料分析法、深度訪談法與多重個案研究法，選定目前臺灣唯二獲世界田徑總會金牌標籤認證的新北市萬金石馬拉松與臺北馬拉松為分析個案，探討兩項賽事申請標籤認證之動機、協力過程與獲得的成功關鍵要素。

臺北馬拉松與新北萬金石馬拉松的案例中，公私協力治理作為國際標籤認證申請的關鍵機制。根據世界田徑總會規定，標籤認證僅能由其承認的國家協會提出申請，臺灣僅有中華民國田徑協會具備該申請資格，政府部門無法單獨完成標籤認證申請相關程序，必須依賴協會之資格與專業，作為與國際對街之橋梁。另外，一場獲得國際標籤認證的馬拉松賽事，其實務推動並非仰賴體育行政機關與田徑協會的雙邊協作，更需整合間賽務執行單位、運動行銷團隊，以及跨局處政府機關，如交通局、警察大隊、環保局等多方參與者形成跨部門協作治理體系。 本研究發現雖然臺灣馬拉松活動盛行，但具備國際標籤認證標準的賽事仍需面臨諸多挑戰，包含：國際規範滾動修正，但國內政府部門行政體系固定運作；賽事須執行全程交通管制，與高度行政協調相關；以及行政資源的有效動員與協調等。從臺北馬拉松與新北萬金石馬拉松的成功經驗，研究結果顯示賽事順利取得標籤認證的關鍵因素主要有三項，長期穩定的協作關係與合作默契；協作成員對彼此專業能力與資源的依賴；高層領導者的支持與參與。

綜整而言，馬拉松賽事獲得世界田徑總會標籤認證，並非單一部門的努力成果所能達成，而是多方協力、跨部門協調與制度性支持的綜合成果。本研究透過探究申請國際標籤認證之動機與協力過程，以及成功獲得世界田徑總會金牌標籤認證的因素，對未來賽事管理與品質提升提供實務借鏡。若更多地方政府與體育組織欲拓展國際能見度，可參酌本研究之成功經驗，強化協作網絡、建立明確共同目標，並逐步培養長久之信任關係，進一步提升國內賽事的競技水平與國際形象，增進臺灣馬拉松賽事的國際競爭力與公共價值。

Marathon has gained significant popularity in Taiwan, with the number of road running exceeding 500 annually since 2014, making it a symbol of country-wide participation in sports. While numerous studies have explored Taiwan’s marathon events, few have examined them from the perspective of collaborative governance. Existing research primarily focuses on the role of government agencies, with relatively limited discussion on the viewpoints of the private sector. Moreover, there is a lack of macro-level analysis on the broader context of marathon research, particularly regarding the collaborative relationships among such as event organizers, department of sports and sports association.

This research focused on the collaborative processes involved in the application for World Athletics Label Road Race certification by marathon events in Taiwan. Drawing on the collaborative governance analytical framework proposed by Bryson, the research conducted an in-depth examination across six dimensions: general preconditions, initial conditions and drivers, collaborative processes, governance structures, internal conflicts and tensions, and collaborative outcomes. There are three types of research methodology—secondary data analysis, semi-structured interviews, and multiple case studies, which selected the New Taipei City WJS Marathon and Taipei Marathon—currently the only two marathons in Taiwan awarded the WA Gold Label—as case studies to explore their motivations for seeking certification, the collaborative processes and the key success factors achieved.

In these two marathon, collaborative governance serves as the crucial mechanism for applying for the WA label. According to WA regulations, only a recognized national athletics associations submit an application. In Taiwan, the Chinese Taipei Athletics Association is the sole organization qualified to do so. The government cannot independently carry out the application and must rely on the association’s status and expertise to serve as a bridge to WA.

Moreover, successfully organizing a label-certified marathon requires more than just cooperation between Department of Sports and the sports association, it also demands coordination across various government departments—such as the Department of Transportation, Department of Police and Department of Environmental Protection—as well as involvement from event organizers and sports marketing teams, forming a cross-sector governance system.

This research concluded that label certification marathons face several challenges. These included the dynamic nature of international regulations, which often contrasts with the rigid operational frameworks of government agencies, and the need for traffic control and complex administrative coordination. Based on the successful experiences of the Taipei Marathon and New Taipei City WJS Marathon, the research identified three key factors for obtaining the WA label: (1)long-term, stable partnerships and tacit cooperation among stakeholders, (2)strong mutual dependence between public and private actors in terms of professional expertise and resource sharing, and (3)the support and participation from leadership.

Overall Marathon, the internationalization of marathons and the acquisition of the WA label cannot be achieved by a single department; instead, it requires multi-sector collaboration. By examining the motivations, collaborative processes, and success factors behind the WA Gold Label certification, the research offered practical insights for other events. Aiming to increase international visibility, research offered valuable insights, including strengthening collaborative networks, establishing clear and shared objectives and cultivating long-term trust. It can not only elevate the competitive level of marathon but also enhance international image and attract more foreign participants—ultimately improving the global competitiveness and public value of Taiwan’s marathons.