公路公共運輸服務水準與運輸公平性指標之建構與評估

Abstract

本文探討人類在追求永續發展與公平包容的理念下，如何以人為本的方式配置運輸資源，特別是在應對全球暖化的背景下，交通運輸部門的碳排放量占比達14%，而具有減碳效益的公共運輸使用率卻偏低，且在109年受疫情衝擊後更是不升反降，這反映了公共運輸服務供給內涵的脆弱性，因此可藉此危機重新思考過去推動公共運輸計畫的路徑和思維。 傳統上，政府透過問卷調查了解民眾對公共運輸服務的期待，或根據使用量的變化來提供票價優惠措施，然而，這種作法並未能掌握公共運輸服務過程中未能滿足民眾需求的環節而施以相應改善措施，例如步行距離過長、等車時間或行車時間過久或轉乘不便等，改善這些阻礙使用的因素可能比票價優惠更為重要。同時，如何公平地對待弱勢族群基本民行也是永續包容社會的重要議題。 為此，本文提出了界定影響民眾運具選擇的指標因子，以及衡量公共運輸弱勢族群使用者是否受到公平對待的指標，這些指標可以量化數據呈現服務供給面與運輸公平性水準，透過訂定具體的衡量指標項目、計算公式與操作流程，並運用政府資料將指標量化成可以比較和判定的依據，可以由指標值凸顯具公路公共運輸服務缺口的行政區，並提出改善策略。 本文以臺北市作為基準案例評估，運用大數據與地理資訊技術，從政府資料開放平台取得臺北市數據進行量化分析，呈現臺北市公路公共運輸供給面四項指標值，並依據指標引導提出相應調整策略，且藉由行政區人口密度分群作為其他縣市案例服務水準之比較基準及相應改善策略。在運輸公平性方面，以花蓮縣為分析案例，從民眾旅行時間可及性、運費負擔能力與碳排減量效益探討運輸服務相較全臺未被公平對待之現象，及提供彈性與客製化運輸服務模式或運輸支出補助與碳權機制建構，以凸顯減碳效益。 本文提出一套可量化、易操作且適用於公路公共運輸服務水準和運輸公平性評估指標體系，且透過案例分析驗證指標的可行性，此研究成果可供政府部門改善公路公共運輸服務和提升弱勢偏鄉地區運輸公平性的參考作法，再結合私人運具管理的「先給後要」政策，達到減少道路壅塞、資源有效應用、降低汙染排放及包容弱勢族群的目標。

This research examines how to allocate transportation resources in a human-centered way to achieve sustainable development and equitable inclusion, particularly given the transportation sector's 14% share of global carbon emissions. Despite its potential for carbon reduction, public transportation usage remains low and has declined further since the 2020 pandemic, highlighting the fragility of current public transportation provision. This situation necessitates a reevaluation of existing approaches to promoting public transport. Traditionally, the government understands the public's expectations for public transportation services through questionnaires, or provides fare concessions based on changes in usage. However, this approach makes it difficult to grasp specific aspects of public transportation services that fail to meet public needs, such as excessive walking distances, long wait and travel times, and inconvenient transfers. This research proposes a framework of quantifiable indicators to identify factors influencing transportation choices and to assess the equitable treatment of disadvantaged public transportation users. These indicators can be used to pinpoint areas lacking adequate public transport services and to inform improvement strategies. The research takes Taipei City as a benchmark case to assess public transportation provision, using big data and geographic information systems to analyze government data. Hualien County serves as a case study to explore transportation equity, examining travel time accessibility, transportation cost affordability, and carbon emission reduction benefits. This research presents a practical and applicable indicator system for evaluating the service level and transportation equity of highway public transportation. The findings can guide government efforts to enhance public transportation services and promote transportation equity in disadvantaged and remote areas, ultimately contributing to reduced road congestion, efficient resource utilization, lower pollution emissions, and inclusivity for disadvantaged groups.