環境損害賠償之研究：以「自然資源損害」為中心

Abstract

面對「環境損害」事件，人為污染導致棲地、生態遭破壞，此種無涉私人權益之「自然資源損害」，可否成為我國民事侵權責任之保護客體？透過行為人民事責任之建立，使棲地、生態恢復至「基本條件」，且恢復期間，人們利用自然資源之娛樂、釣魚、觀賞等「中間損失」亦獲賠償。但在我國的民法侵權責任架構下，須通過兩項關卡：第一，自然資源非屬私人所有，可否請求該損害？請求主體為何？第二，若能請求，自然資源欠缺市場價值，如何衡量估算損害，並建立相應的賠償規則？本文研究美國「自然資源損害」、歐盟「環境損害」賠償法制，從其演進過程，及普通法再到成文法之規範，有諸多有別於我國既有侵權損害賠償之作法，值得作為參考及借鏡，冀能開啟我國「環境損害」之私法保護窗口。

Facing environmental damage incidents where human pollution leads to habitat and ecological destruction, can such "natural resource damage" without private rights involvement become the protected object of civil tort liability in Taiwan? Through the establishment of the liability, habitats and ecosystems can be restored to “baseline condititons," and during the restoration period, people can be compensated for “interim losses" such as recreational use of natural resources, fishing, and sightseeing. However, under the tort liability framework of our Taiwan civil law, two problems must be overcome: first, since natural resources do not belong to private ownership, can such damage be claimed? Who can claim it? Second, if it can be claimed, since natural resources lack market value, how can the damage be measured and estimated, and compensation rules established? This research studies the legal systems of "natural resource damage" in the United States and "environmental damage" compensation in the European Union. From their evolutionary processes, from common law to statutory regulations, there are many differences from Taiwan existing practices of the tort damage compensation, which are worth referencing and emulating, hoping to open up a window of private law protection for "environmental damage" in Taiwan.