當代儒家抗爭倫理

Abstract

本論文以儒家思想為基礎，探討抗爭行為的倫理規範，聚焦於抗爭的正當性、手段選擇及行動者的道德責任。本文試圖補足儒家政治哲學中對反抗、抗爭的不足，並構建一套以儒學為核心的抗爭倫理框架。 本文指出，即便是完善的制度也難以避免實踐中的僵化與偏離，而這種失衡往往需要行動者從體制內外進行干預。儒家的「為政在人」傳統突顯了政治行動者在維繫制度運行中的關鍵角色，並賦予其在制度失效時介入的正當性。另外，本文以進步儒學為框架，論證抗爭不僅是對制度失衡的修復手段，更是實現個體與社會的共同進步的重要途徑。因此，抗爭行為不僅具有政治價值，更是一種追求道德理想的道德實踐。 本文通過分析「革命」與「退隱」兩個傳統儒學概念，重新詮釋其在當代的意義。筆者認為湯武革命論述提供了暴力抗爭的規範性框架，強調革命應以恢復仁義與重建秩序為目標；而「儒家式退隱」則是一種柔韌抗爭形式，通過退出腐敗體制並轉向地方教化，對社會進行長期的道德與文化影響。 總結而言，本文指出儒家思想不僅容許抗爭的存在，更可以視其為一種建設性的道德實踐。這種基於儒家道德理想的抗爭倫理，既能避免抗爭滑向極端或激進，也能為當代的政治行動者提供行為準則。這種抗爭倫理不僅可以回應當前政治環境中的挑戰，亦提供了一種實現儒家道德與政治理想的可行之道。

This paper, based on Confucianism, explores the ethics of resistance, focusing on the legitimacy of resist, the selection of means, and the moral responsibility of the agent involved. It aims to address the gaps in Confucian political philosophy re-garding resistance, and to construct an ethical framework for resistance centered on Confucianism. This paper argues that even well-established systems cannot avoid rigidity and deviation in practice, and such imbalances often require agents to intervene both within and outside the system. The Confucian tradition of governance depends on human action(「為政在人」） highlights the crucial role of political agents in maintaining the operation of a system and grants them the legitimacy to intervene when the system fails. Additionally, this paper argues that resistance is not only a means of restoring balance to the system but also an important pathway for the col-lective progress of individuals and society. Therefore, resistance holds not just po-litical value but is also a moral practice in pursuit of moral good. Through analysing the two traditional Confucian concepts of "revolution" and "retreat," this paper reconstruct their contemporary significance. It claims that the discourse on the Tang-Wu revolution provides a normative framework for violent resistance, emphasizing that revolution should aim to restore benevolence and righteousness and rebuild order; while "Confucian’s retreat" is a flexible form of re-sistance that, by withdrawing from a corrupt system and shifting focus to moral and cultural education, exerts a long-term influence on society. In summary, this paper argues that Confucianism not only give permission to the existence of resistance, but can regard it as a constructive moral practice. This ethics of resistance, grounded in Confucian moral ideals, can prevent resistance from slipping into extremism or radicalism, and can provide contemporary political agents with a code of conduct. Such an ethics of resistance not only responds to the challenges of the current political environment but also offers a viable path for real-izing Confucian moral and political ideals.